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True / False
1. According to the authors, rehabilitation is oriented solely toward the offender and does not imply any consistent
relationship between the severity of the punishment and the gravity of the crime.
a.
True
b.
False
2. The public must be constantly reminded about punishment for deterrence to work.
a.
True
b.
False
3. The United States employs a national standard approach to sentencing.
a.
True
b.
False
4. Retribution is a goal of punishment designed to repair the damage done to the victim and community by an offender’s
criminal act.
a.
True
b.
False
5. Most Western democracies impose the death penalty.
a.
True
b.
False
6. In the past decade, many have argued that the needs of the victim and the community should be the focus of
punishment goals.
a.
True
b.
False
7. Recent knowledge of the effectiveness of deterrence shows that social science is able to measure the effects of various
punishments.
a.
True
b.
False
8. All punishments inflicted upon offenders are visible.
a.
True
b.
False
9. Incapacitation focuses on characteristics of the offenders instead of characteristics of the victims.
a.
True
b.
False
10. Community-based punishments such as probation and intermediate sanctions are imposed far more often than prison
sentences in the United States.
a.
True
b.
False
11. The deserved-punishment approach requires sanctions be administered solely for the goal of incapacitation.
a.
True
b.
False
12. Incarceration, the death penalty, and probation all may have more than one intended goal behind their implementation.
a.
True
b.
False
13. Legislatures establish the penal codes that set forth the sentences that judges may impose.
a.
True
b.
False
14. The clerk of the court is responsible for preparing the presentence report provided to a judge prior to sentencing.
a.
True
b.
False
15. One impact of sentencing guidelines is that sentencing discretion has shifted from the prosecutor to the judge.
a.
True
b.
False
16. Discrimination occurs when criminal justice officials either directly or indirectly treat people differently because of
their race, ethnicity, gender, or class.
a.
True
b.
False
17. Unjust punishments can occur because of sentencing disparities and wrongful convictions.
a.
True
b.
False
Multiple Choice
18. The concept of good time is provided to inmates in certain correctional facilities based on:
a.
medical issues.
b.
complaints to staff.
c.
family matters.
d.
participation in vocational programs.
19. Which of the following is NOT one of the four major goals of corrections in the United States?
a.
deterrence
b.
incarceration
c.
rehabilitation
d.
retribution
20. The concept of selective incapacitation rests on the idea that:
a.
most serious offenders require short periods of incarceration.
b.
a small number of offenders are responsible for a disproportionate number of violent and property crimes.
c.
the cost of incarceration can be decreased by housing only serious violent drug offenders.
d.
the crime rate will remain relatively stable if serious felons are incarcerated for long periods.
21. According to the retributive justice model of punishment, those who commit a particular crime should be punished:
a.
subjectively.
b.
alike.
c.
differently.
d.
mercifully.
22. With reference to time, rehabilitation is:
a.
future-oriented.
b.
present-oriented.
c.
past-oriented.
d.
both future- and past-oriented.
23. Among the stated goals of the correctional process as mentioned by the authors, which of the following does not
overlap with the objectives of the other purposes?
a.
rehabilitation
b.
deterrence
c.
incapacitation
d.
retribution
24. The goal of rehabilitation is oriented solely toward the ______________and does not imply any consistent relationship
between the severity of the punishment and the gravity of the crime.
a.
state
b.
victim
c.
offender
d.
law
25. According to Herbert Packer, which of the following is NOT an element of punishment?
a.
an offense
b.
the infliction of pain because of the commission of the offense
c.
use of community justice tactics to deter the offender
d.
a dominant purpose to prevent further offenses or to inflict pain on the offender
26. According to the authors, is the most visible penalty imposed by the American criminal justice system.
a.
imprisonment
b.
probation
c.
parole
d.
the death sentence
27. Experts usually cite as reasons wrongful convictions occur.
a.
plea-bargaining pressures
b.
community pressure
c.
eyewitness error
d.
all of these
28. Probationary sentences emphasize guidance and in the community.
a.
employment
b.
educational attainment
c.
supervision
d.
family connectivity
29. The most frequently applied set of sentencing guidelines used throughout the United States is the:
a.
Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines.
b.
New York Sentencing Guidelines.
c.
Pennsylvania Sentencing Guidelines.
d.
Georgia Sentencing Guidelines.
30. asserts that a person who has infringed on the rights of others deserves to be penalized or punished.
a.
Deterrence
b.
Retribution
c.
Incapacitation
d.
Rehabilitation
31. According to the concept of , offenders are returned to society once they are treated.
a.
deterrence
b.
retribution
c.
incapacitation
d.
rehabilitation
32. Punishment of criminals that is intended to be an example to the public and to discourage the commission of offenses
by others is known as:
a.
specific deterrence.
b.
specific retribution.
c.
general deterrence.
d.
general rehabilitation.
33. Depriving an offender of the ability to commit crimes against society, usually by detention in prison, is:
a.
deterrence.
b.
retribution.
c.
incapacitation.
d.
rehabilitation.
34. Punishment designed to repair damage to both victim and community is considered:
a.
rehabilitation.
b.
retribution.
c.
reintegration.
d.
restorative justice.
35. Since the , retribution as a justification for the criminal sanction has aroused new interest.
a.
1930s
b.
1950s
c.
1970s
d.
1990s
36. Sentencing guidelines are designed to do all of the following except:
a.
reduce disparity in sentencing for similar offenses.
b.
increase and decrease punishments for certain offenders and offenses.
c.
reduce prison overcrowding.
d.
enhance rehabilitative efforts to punish offenders.
37. Legislatures concerned with the correctional goal of treatment usually prescribe a(n):
a.
determinate sentencing scheme.
b.
indeterminate sentencing scheme.
c.
mandatory sentencing scheme.
d.
presumptive sentencing scheme.
38. Punishments less severe than prison but more restrictive than traditional probation are:
a.
restorative sanctions.
b.
indefinite sanctions.
c.
immediate sanctions.
d.
intermediate sanctions.
39. Judges may deviate from the sentencing guidelines if aggravating or circumstances exist.
a.
mitigating
b.
fixed
c.
purposeful
d.
exaggerating
40. In the famous United States v. Booker decision, the Supreme Court found that sentencing guidelines were:
a.
mandatory.
b.
discretionary.
c.
necessary.
d.
binding.
41. Restorative justice sees crime as a violation against which of the following?
a.
victim and community
b.
offender and state
c.
community and state
d.
victim and offender
42. Divergence in the lengths and types of sentences imposed for the same crime or crimes of comparable seriousness
when no reasonable justification is known as a:
a.
judicial disparity.
b.
sentencing disparity.
c.
form of systemic racism.
d.
miscarriage of justice.
43. __________________ refers to a report prepared by a probation officer, who investigates a convicted offender’s
background to help the judge select an appropriate sentence.
a.
Presentence
b.
Pretrial
c.
Post-sentence
d.
Post-trial
44. _______________________ is an instrument developed for judges that indicates the usual sanctions given
previously for particular offenses.
a.
Sentencing guidelines
b.
Sentencing report
c.
Pretrial guidelines
d.
Presentence report
45. The least frequently used criminal sanction in the United States is:
a.
death.
b.
incarceration.
c.
intermediate sanctions.
d.
probation.
46. According to the authors, which of the following is NOT one of the major sentencing structures currently used in
the United States?
a.
indeterminate
b.
intermediate
c.
determinate
d.
mandatory
47. Judges use combinations of criminal sanctions to reflect all of the following except the:
a.
needs of the community.
b.
severity of the crime.
c.
emotional state of victim.
d.
characteristics of the offender.
48. Which of the following is NOT one of the major factors that influence judges’ sentencing decisions?
a.
role of the victim in the crime
b.
offender’s role in the commission of the crime
c.
offender’s criminal history
d.
severity of the offense
Numeric Response
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Remove an offender’s capacity to commit crime
b. Min/max range of incarceration
c. Punishment as an example to the public
d. Restoring the offender to society
e. Control over the amount of time a prisoner serves
f. Deserved punishment
g. Incarcerated for the betterment of society
h. Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
i. Fixed time of incarceration
j. Punishment for the individual
49. General deterrence
50. Retribution
51. Incapacitation
52. Specific deterrence
53. Indeterminate Sentencing
54. Selective incapacitation
55. Rehabilitation
56. Determinate sentencing
57. Restorative Justice
58. Mandatory sentencing
59. assumes that society can remove an offender’s capacity to commit further crimes by detention in prison or by
execution.
60. ___________ contends that an offender should be punished based on the severity of the offense.
61. presumes that punishment inflicted on criminals will discourage them from committing future crimes.
62. Offenders who repeat certain kinds of crime are sentenced to long prison terms through the concept of
incapacitation.
63. The use of sentences was greatly expanded in the 1980s as a primary weapon in the War on Drugs.
64. is the goal of punishment inflicted on a person who has violated a criminal law and deserves to be punished.
65. In keeping with the goal of treatment, sentencing gives correctional officials and parole boards significant
control over the amount of time an offender serves through a lack of fixed time of incarceration.
66. The most frequently applied criminal sanction is .
67. A convicted offender who is imprisoned for a fixed period of time has been given a __________ sentence.
68. presumes members of the general public will be discouraged by observing the punishments of others and will
conclude the costs of crime outweigh the benefits.
69. Unjust punishments can occur because of sentencing disparities and _____________.
70. ___________________ sanctions are penalties that are more severe than probation but less severe than incarceration.
71. The correctional goal of __________________ attempts to restore the convicted offender to a constructive place in
society through the use of individualized treatment.
72. The correctional goal of ____________________ assumes that society can, by detention in a correctional facility
or by execution, remove an offender’s capacity to commit further crimes.
73. Of the four major goals of corrections, ________________ clearly conflicts with the other three goals since it
focuses on treatment of the offender as opposed to other more punitive sanctions.
74. ______________________ is the most visible form of punishment used in the United States.
75. List and explain the four goals of corrections, including the intended purpose of each. Provide your opinion on the
overall effectiveness of each purpose; in doing so, be sure to discuss which you are in favor of in regard to the potential
reduction in recidivism rates of offenders.
76. Describe and discuss the two types of deterrence. What are the pros and cons of each type? Which are you in favor of
and why?
77. List and explain the various factors that influence the sentencing process. Of these factors, which do you feel has
the most negative effect on the criminal justice system? on the offender? on the victim? on society in general?
78. Discuss the four major forms of criminal sanctions that are most commonly used within our correctional system. What
are the pros and cons of each form? Which do you feel is a greater deterrent to crime and why do you believe this
particular sanction is more effective than the others?
