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Multiple Choice
1. Parenting is
a.
bidirectional.
b.
dynamic.
c.
both bidirectional and dynamic.
d.
neither bidirectional nor dynamic.
2. Political ideology refers to
a.
theories pertaining to government.
b.
theories specific to child development.
c.
the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
d.
an individual’s rank or position within society.
3. A society in which one person has unlimited power over others is called
a.
an autocracy.
b.
a democracy.
c.
collectivistic.
d.
automatic.
4. Parents of low socioeconomic status may use “commanding without explanation” because
a.
they would rather not talk to their children.
b.
it requires less time and effort than other methods.
c.
it is less efficient than other methods.
d.
they are under less stress than parents of higher socioeconomic statuses.
5. Kohn (1977, 1995) found that, compared to other families, middle-class families were more likely to judge their
children’s behavior in terms of
a.
its immediate consequences.
b.
the child’s motives.
c.
its external characteristics.
d.
whether or not it conformed to social norms.
6. A parent’s workplace is thought to affect
a.
his or her perception of life.
b.
the way he or she parents.
c.
the way he or she interacts with family members.
d.
all of these.
7. Universal goals of parenting include
a.
ensuring a college education.
b.
ensuring physical health and survival.
c.
ensuring economic wealth.
d.
all of these.
8. Interdependent relations, social responsibility, and the well-being of the group are emphasized in
a.
collectivist cultures.
b.
traditional cultures.
c.
individualism.
d.
classism.
9. Ethnic groups are found to vary (differ) in their
a.
displays of emotion.
b.
discipline of children.
c.
emphasis on specific skills.
d.
all of these.
10. Research comparing ethnic groups suggests that Latino Americans tend to
a.
encourage children to learn by observation, by doing, and by the reactions of others.
b.
include children in many adult activities.
c.
use feedback.
d.
all of these.
11. Individualistic groups tend to value _________ authority, whereas collectivistic groups tend to value _________
authority.
a.
achieved; ascribed
b.
ascribed; earned-through-hard- work
c.
collective; individual
d.
none of these
12. According to your text, which of the following is an example of a group that is likely to be collectivistic?
a.
Japanese-American families
b.
Middle-Eastern families
c.
Native-American families
d.
All of these
13. Individual-oriented families believe the self is located within the
a.
individual.
b.
group.
c.
culture.
d.
authority figure.
14. Which of the following does not characterize a group with a collectivist orientation?
a.
Emphasis on nonverbal communication
b.
Emphasis on group loyalty
c.
Social responsibility (sharing, helping)
d.
Emphasis on individual fulfillment
15. A primary concern of social scientists is that recent trends, such as occupational mobility (the movement of
individuals for job-related reasons), will
a.
isolate nuclear families from those who can help nurture and care for their children.
b.
increase employment opportunities for parents.
c.
increase the number of children in quality child care settings.
d.
increase the number of child labor laws.
16. During which era were children considered to be significant only if they contributed to their elders’ welfare?
a.
18th century
b.
19th century
c.
Early 20th century
d.
Late 20th century
17. A system of beliefs concerned with the interests and ideals of humans rather than of the natural or spiritual world is
a.
humanism.
b.
tabula rasa.
c.
an idea proposed by Watson.
d.
behaviorism.
18. Watson believed that
a.
behavior that is rewarded will get repeated.
b.
conditioning of the child must take place early in life.
c.
learning is a change in the way an individual responds to a particular situation.
d.
all of these.
19. Which of the following theories emphasizes observed behavior?
a.
Behaviorism
b.
Parent-centered
c.
Humanism
d.
Psychoanalytic
20. Based on observations of children of all ages, Gesell concluded that
a.
children need structured learning environments.
b.
parents should not push their children, as growth occurs naturally.
c.
children do not need experiences to develop.
d.
children achieve most when pressured and pushed.
21. Researchers have found that although specific parenting practices change according to the age of the child, basic
parenting styles _________ over time.
a.
remain quite stable
b.
change even more
c.
disappear
d.
cannot be determined
22. Which of the following is not a dimension of temperament?
a.
Cuteness
b.
Intensity of reaction
c.
Threshold of responsiveness
d.
Quality of mood
23. Baby Carrie is adaptable and approachable; she shows positive mood and regularity in body function. When she
reacts to a stimulus, her reaction is moderate or low in intensity. We would classify Carrie as which of the following?
a.
Easy
b.
Difficult
c.
Slow-to-warm-up
d.
Irregular
24. Kelly has a child who is very active and distractible. Kelly has worked hard over the years to adjust her expectations
to meet the needs of this child. Based on this information, one would say Kelly has worked hard to develop
a.
goodness of fit.
b.
rhythmicity.
c.
fixations.
d.
her child’s ethnic awareness.
25. Which children adapt best to any of a number of styles of parenting?
a.
Easy
b.
Difficult
c.
Slow-to-warm-up
d.
Irregular
26. Factors that will influence family dynamics and parenting styles when a child in the family has a disability include the
a.
nature of the disability.
b.
age of onset of the disability.
c.
severity of the disability.
d.
all of these.
27. Which of the following is a family characteristic that affects parenting practices?
a.
Family size
b.
Family configuration
c.
Parents’ stage of life
d.
All of these
28. According to your text, parents with large families tend to be
a.
permissive.
b.
individualistic.
c.
authoritarian.
d.
neglectful.
29. According to research, mothers provide which children with more attention, guidance, and discipline?
a.
The oldest child
b.
The second child in a family
c.
Boys
d.
The youngest child in a family
30. The first stage of Galinsky’s model is
a.
image making.
b.
interpretive.
c.
trust vs. mistrust.
d.
sensorimotor.
31. Zussman (1980) found that parents preoccupied with completing a task were _________ responsive to their children
than when not preoccupied with a task.
a.
more
b.
less
c.
equally
d.
intensely
32. According to research, children of permissive parents tend to be
a.
independent and socially responsible.
b.
independent but not socially responsible.
c.
lacking in social responsibility and not very independent.
d.
lacking in empathy.
33. Two-year-old Matthew bit his brother. In response, his mother bit him back. Which parenting style does this exhibit?
a.
Authoritative
b.
Uninvolved
c.
Permissive
d.
Authoritarian
34. According to Baumrind (1971), the parent who uses punitive disciplinary measures is
a.
authoritative.
b.
permissive.
c.
uncaring.
d.
authoritarian.
35. A parent who is controlling yet flexible, demanding yet rational, and receptive to the child’s communication is
considered
a.
authoritarian.
b.
individualistic.
c.
authoritative.
d.
neglectful.
36. Serena’s attitude toward her children is “do what you want.” She does not try to control them and places few demands
on them. Serena would be classified as
a.
authoritarian.
b.
permissive.
c.
uninvolved.
d.
unregulated.
37. Which is the most commonly used parenting style?
a.
Authoritarian
b.
Authoritative
c.
Permissive
d.
Uninvolved
38. According to White (1971) and others, the mothers of competent children
a.
created a safe physical environment at home.
b.
did not provide interesting things for their children to manipulate.
c.
were not tolerant of messes or accidents.
d.
used distraction only if their children were over age 1 year.
39. Guidance is to discipline as
a.
direction is to punishment.
b.
punishment is to demonstration.
c.
outputs are to inputs.
d.
harsh is to gentle.
40. Any intentional harm to or endangerment of a child is called
a.
maltreatment.
b.
guidance.
c.
neglect.
d.
restriction.
