4-15
72. The primary reason boys are more competitive and aggressive than girls is that typical male genetic
traits are reinforced by society.
a. true
b. false
73. The individual characteristic of values has the most influence on leadership.
a. true
b. false
74. The impact of personality on individual behavior tends to be limited to personal aspects of life.
a. true
b. false
75. Values are principles that a person believes.
a. true
b. false
76. Honesty is the best policy is an example of a personality trait.
a. true
b. false
77. You cannot train leaders to develop abilities, but you can train them to develop skills.
a. true
b. false
78. Individual characteristics influence behavior most when the situation is clearly structured.
a. true
b. false
4-16
79. When the situation provides strong cues as to how people are supposed to behave, their personality
plays a lesser role.
a. true
b. false
80. Personality and other individual characteristics are the only factors that dictate how people behave.
a. true
b. false
81. Personality and other individual characteristics provide a range of behaviors that are comfortable for
people.
a. true
b. false
82. Most people have difficulty acting outside the zone of comfort that is determined by their individual
difference characteristics.
a. true
b. false
83. Most learning takes place when people behave according to their individual difference
characteristics.
a. true
b. false
84. Behaving outside their zone of comfort is one way people can learn and grow.
a. true
b. false
85. Kirkpatrick and Locke asserted that traits alone are enough to make an effective leader.
4-17
a. true
b. false
86. Drive, if taken to the extreme, can be detrimental to effective leadership.
a. true
b. false
87. Despite some changes, top executives in the United States and the rest of the world are still
heterogeneous.
a. true
b. false
88. Factors such as age and gender influence a person’s value system.
a. true
b. false
89. The primary influence on a person’s value system is personality traits.
a. true
b. false
90. Most cultures in the world value compassion and frugality.
a. true
b. false
91. Individual dignity is valued mostly in Western cultures.
a. true
b. false
4-18
92. Hard work, frugality and patriotism are values typically held by the generation raised by parents
who went through the depression.
a. true
b. false
93. Baby boomers typically value ambition and material comforts.
a. true
b. false
94. Yuppies are often success-driven.
a. True
b. false
95. Generation Xers value autonomy and flexibility.
a. true
b. false
96. Those who belong to the Millennial generation tend to resent authority and are highly independent.
a. true
b. false
97. The Generation Xers and Millenials are similar to each other in that both tend to have little loyalty to
their jobs and companies.
a. true
b. false
4-19
98. Generational value differences exist all over the world.
a. true
b. false
99. Singapore has been rated as one of the most corrupt countries in the world.
a. true
b. false
100. Of the 180 industrialized countries measured by the Transparency International Index, the
United States as the highest in integrity.
a. true
b. false
104 Of the 180 industrialized countries measured by the Transparency International Index,
Afghanistan ranked higher in integrity than the United States.
a. True
101. The relativist view of ethics suggests that what is right or wrong depends on the situation or
culture.
a. true
b. false
102. You take a universalist view of ethics when you believe that the same rules cannot apply to
everyone.
a. true
b. false
4-20
103. The Japanese and Koreans may use more deception, but they often experience considerable
guilt.
a. true
b. false
104. Several sets of abilities are clearly linked to leadership.
a. true
b. false
105. Intelligence is not clearly related to leadership.
a. true
b. false
106. Intelligence is not clearly related to leadership but is related to perceptions of leadership.
a. true
b. false
107. Research shows that a more intelligent leader is able to succeed regardless of the situation.
a. true
b. false
108. The most important component of emotional intelligence is sympathy for others.
a. true
b. false
109. Emotional intelligence is important because caring for others always pays off.
a. true
b. false
4-21
110. Emotional intelligence is key to leadership because leadership requires working with others.
a. true
b. false
111. The way a leader delivers a message is sometimes more important than the content of the
message.
a. true
b. false
112. Convergent thinking is another term often used to describe creativity.
a. true
b. false
113. Creativity is the ability to develop new ideas or combine existing ones in novel ways.
a. true
b. false
114. People tend to become more creative when they are put under intense stress and pressure.
a. true
b. false
115. According to Theresa Amabile, most people can be creative with experience and motivation.
a. true
b. false
116. As leaders move up the organization, they rely less on technical skills and more on conceptual
skills.
a. true
b. false
4-22
117. Conceptual skills involve communication and conflict management.
a. true
b. false
118. Once leaders learn new skills, they can quickly implement them in their organization.
a. true
b. false
119. A leader’s personality influences his or her preference, style, and behavior.
a. true
b. false
120. Over the years, researchers have identified five major personality dimensions.
a. true
b. false
121. Emotional stability is the Big Five personality dimension most strongly linked to job
performance.
a. true
b. false
122. The Big Five personality dimensions are strongly linked to leadership.
a. true
b. false
123. Extroversion is a required dimension for successful leadership.
a. true
b. false
124. Extraversion is important for almost any job or position.
4-23
a. true
b. false
125. Some degree of anxiety and worrying can be helpful for leaders.
a. true
b. false
126. Individuals with a proactive personality tend to attribute positive events to their own behavior.
a. true
b. false
127. The desire to remove obstacles to achieve goals is a characteristic of proactive personalities.
a. true
b. false
128. The research on proactive personalities has found a weak link between the personality trait and
actual leadership effectiveness.
a. true
b. false
129. Being a Type A can be helpful to managers because they are better able to delegate tasks.
a. true
b. false
130. Type A managers are more successful than Type B managers.
a. true
b. false
131. Several of the Type A characteristics are similar to the high energy and motivation that is
considered to be important in leadership.
4-24
a. true
b. false
132. Type A and narcissism are closely related.
a. true
b. false
133. High self-monitors read and use environmental cues better than low self-monitors.
a. true
b. false
134. High self-monitors are particularly skilled at delegating tasks.
a. true
b. false
135. High self-monitors emerge as leaders more often than low self-monitors.
a. true
b. false
136. Research shows that low self-monitors resolve conflict cooperatively.
a. true
b. false
137. Because they are good at managing relationships, leaders who rate high on Machiavellianism
tend to be the most effective leaders.
a. true
b. false
138. High Machiavellians are likely to be successful but not effective.
4-25
a. true
b. false
139. Research indicates that the Chinese score higher on the Machiavellianism scale and are more
willing than many Westerners to use social power to accomplish their goals.
a. true
b. false
140. Narcissistic individuals desire to have power and influence over others.
a. true
b. false
141. Hitler and Stalin are well-known tyrants in history who exhibited strong narcissistic tendencies.
a. true
b. false
142. Positive narcissistic leaders may use their self-confidence and influence to achieve organizational
goals.
a. true
b. false
143. Research about why leaders fail indicates that the primary cause of failure is lack of technical
expertise.
a. true
b. false
144. Leaders who fail are most often rigid, isolated from others and uncaring.
4-26
a. true
Short Answer/ Essay Questions:
145. Discuss the differences between the earlier approaches during the Trait Era and the more complex
approach of recent approaches.
146. Define and differentiate between the individual differences characteristics of abilities, skills, and
personality.
147. List and explain the universally accepted leadership characteristics that transcend cultures.
148. Define values and explain the differences in values between western countries and those located
in the Middle and Far East.
149. Transparency International’s 2009 survey rated the United States 19 out of 180 when measuring
least/most corrupt nations. Discuss your impressions, using textbook value concepts, about why the
4-27
U.S. professes to be the most ethical country yet ranks behind countries like Denmark, Singapore, and
Canada.
150. Explain the research results that show a curvilinear relationship between intelligence and
leadership.
151. Explain and give examples how a leader can positively use Niccolo Machiavelli’s philosophy,
resulting in Mach Scores, to improve the organization in a constructive manner.
152. Rick Scott was a founder and CEO of Columbia Healthcare system until the FBI raided several of
his Hospitals for Medicare fraud. He was subsequently fired by Darla Moore, Vice President of
Rainwater, Inc., one of the largest private investment firms in America. Rainwater had substantial
ownership in Columbia Healthcare. Moore was the first woman to be profiled on the cover of Fortune
magazine in its 70-year history and was named to their list of the Top 50 Most Powerful Women in
American Business. Nevertheless, Scott overcame the stigma of corruption and in November 2010
won the election as Governor of Florida.
a. Research and explain what traits and characteristics Scott brings to his endeavors that
allowed him to overcome the Columbia scandal and win the Florida election.
b. From your research and explain (submit document specific research article urls)
Scott’s value system that allowed him to overcome the stigma of corruption and go
on to seek election for a political office.
4-28
153. The US professes a philosophy of high ethical behavior in business and government. How then is it
that Bernard Madoff was able to turn his wealth management business into a massive Ponzi scheme? He
defrauded thousands of investors of almost $65 billion over a period of time that possibly began in the
1980s. In June 2009, Madoff was sentenced to 150 years in prison, the maximum allowed. Using the Big
Five Personality Dimensions, explain Madolff’s personality relative to each of the dimensions. Document
each with an example of each dimension.