Chapter 4: Later Hinduism
Fill in the Blank
1. Yoga became a highly evolved technique in Brahmanism for _________.
2. _________ represents release from the rebirth cycle.
3. The _________ is the most influential literary work associated with the way of devotion.
4. Puja refers to _________.
5. The _________ is considered to be the most holy river.
6. One who pursues the goal of artha is seeking _________.
7. Ardent devotion to a deity for aid received or promised is referred to as _________.
8. The modern movement known as Theosophy was founded in __________.
9. The pursuit of Dharma requires _________.
10. What is the Hindu word for “view of the nature of things?” _________
Multiple Choice
11. What was a reason for dissent from early Brahmanism during the religious awakening
that occurred in India in the sixth century B.C.E.
a. dualism
b. emphasis on costly sacrifice
c. lack of sacred texts
d. individualism
12. As major changes occurred in Brahmanism from 300 B.C.E. to 700 C.E., Some Brahmins
expanded their priestly duties to include performance of pastoral duties such as
_________.
a. disciplining of children
b. meditating in the forest
c. performing marriages
d. practicing yoga
13. As Brahmanism changed to accommodate ascetics who were dwelling alone in forests,
the fire on the altar was replaced by _________, the inner fire in the ascetic’s heart.’
a. atman
b. dharma
c. marga
d. tapas
14. What are the two paths of desire derived from the sacred law of the Brahmins?
a. artha and dharma
b. artha and kama
c. dharma and moksha
d. moksha and artha
15. Which of the Way of Works could be called “the way of ritual?”
a. Dharma Marga
b. Karma Marga
c. Mana Marga
d. Maru Marga
16. Where is the Way of Works first defined?
a. in the Brahmanas
b. in the Dharmasatras
c. in the Padmapurana
d. in the Sanskrit literature
17. What are the “pinda” in the shraddha rites?
a. ancestral rebirths
b. memorial prayers
c. rice balls
d. sacrificial rites
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18. How does the Way of Works define the role of women?
a. “women and men are equals”
b. “women are the head of the household”
c. “women are to be honored by the men”
d. “women are to serve meekly their men”
19. The Code of Manu includes which of the following tenets?
a. moksha is unattainable
b. one must not seek pleasure
c. one must observe the rules of their caste
d. one shall not pursue the artha
20. According to the Way of Knowledge, what is the cause of human misery and evil?
a. avidya
b. karma
c. mana
d. moksha
21. The ashramas are not applicable to which caste?
a. the Brahmins
b. the lowest caste
c. the top three castes
d. the warrior caste
22. What “saving” knowledge allows admittance into the realm of reality where karma ceases
to exist and rebirth reaches an end?
a. acceptance of the right doctrine
b. intuitive certitude by mediation
c. knowledge of union
d. the ideal life plan
23. Which of the following is NOT one of the four stages in the ideal life plan?
a. the householder
b. the priest
c. the sannyasin
d. the student
24. What does the Hindu word darshana mean?
a. attainment of salvation
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b. contemplation of death
c. rejection of the supernatural
d. view of the nature of things
25. Which darshana does Indian tradition consider to be the oldest of the darshanas?
a. the Nyaya system
b. the Sankhya system
c. the Vedanta system
d. the Yoga system
26. Who founded the Vedanta system that is identified by the philosophy of nondualism?
a. Madhua
b. Patanjali
c. Shankara
d. Vishni
27. The first mention of Hindu temples and temple priests is found in the _________.
a. Bhagavad Gita
b. Brahmanas
c. Code of Manu
d. Karma Marga
28. The Bhagavad Gita’s greatest historical significance lies in its endorsement of
_________ as a true way of salvation or liberation.
a. bhakti
b. shakti
c. tapas
d. yoga
29. In the Yoga of Meditation in the Bhagavad Gita, Krishna’s prescription is oriented
toward a bhakti-union with _________.
a. a deity
b. another mortal
c. the cosmos
d. the universe
30. The erection of monumental shrines and temples began to flourish in this period.
a. Brahman
b. Gupta
c. Rajah
d. Sankhya
31. The Mahabharata and the Ramayana gave rise to the literature of the _________.
a. brahmins
b. gurus
c. priests
d. sects
32. Among the Tamils, poets who were devotees of Vishnu were called _________.
a. Alvars
b. Nayanars
c. Shivaites
d. Vishnuites
33. In the Trimurti, or Triad of the Gods, how is Brahma identified?
a. as the Creator
b. as the Destroyer
c. as the Energizer
d. as the Preserver
34. Followers of the Great God Shiva have given him the title “Mahadiva,” meaning the
_________.
a. enlightened one
b. high priest
c. great god
d. one
35. Mahatma Ghandi believed that “cow protection” was _________.
a. an archaic notion
b. consistent with veganism
c. not necessary in the modern world
d. the central fact of Hinduism