47) Which of the following metabolic processes is most likely to still be occurring at low levels in a
fully mature, viable, dry seed?
A) photosynthesis
B) respiration
C) fatty acid synthesis
D) protein synthesis
E) DNA replication
48) Which of the following is a potential advantage of introducing apomixis into hybrid crop species?
A) Cultivars would be better able to cope with a rapidly changing environment.
B) They would have a larger potential genome than inbred crops.
C) All of the desirable traits of the cultivar would be passed on to offspring.
D) They would benefit from positive mutations in their DNA.
E) It would be easier to introduce novel genes.
49) Which of the following developmental processes in a seed is the most evolutionarily advantageous
for the initial establishment of a viable seedling?
A) The emergence of the radical.
B) The coleoptiles in monocots.
C) The protective layer of cutin outside of the seed coat.
D) The emergence of the first photosynthetically active leaves.
E) The development of a nutrient-rich hypocotyl.
50) Which of the following “vegetables” is botanically a fruit?
A) potato
B) lettuce
C) radish
D) celery
E) green beans
51) The embryo of a grass seed is enclosed by two protective sheaths, a(n) ________, which covers the
young shoot, and a(n) ________, which covers the young root.
A) cotyledon; radicle
B) hypocotyl; epicotyl
C) coleoptile; coleorhiza
D) scutellum; coleoptile
E) epicotyl; radicle
52) Which of the following statements is true about fruits?
A) Fruits form from megasporangia and integuments.
B) All fruits contain seeds.
C) Green beans, corn, tomatoes, and wheat are all vegetables.
D) Pollination is always required for fruit maturation.
E) During fruit development, the wall of the ovary becomes the integument.
53) Fruits develop from
A) microsporangia.
B) receptacles.
C) fertilized eggs.
D) ovaries.
E) ovules.
54) What is the first step in the germination of a seed?
A) pollination
B) fertilization
C) imbibition
D) hydrolysis of starch and other food reserves
E) emergence of the radicle
55) Garden beans and many other eudicots have a hooked hypocotyl during germination. Which of the
following is true concerning hypocotyls and/or the hypocotyl hook?
A) It is the first structure to emerge from a eudicot seed.
B) It pushes the cotyledons up through the soil.
C) It straightens when exposed to sufficient water.
D) It is stunted in an etiolated seedling.
E) It emerges after the successful establishment of the radicle.
56) Which of the following is an advantage of sexual reproduction as opposed to asexual reproduction?
A) increased genetic variation in progeny
B) enhanced mitosis
C) more stable populations
D) rapid increases in population due to high seed production
E) higher reproductive success
57) Which of the following is true about vegetative reproduction?
A) It involves both meiosis and mitosis to produce haploid and diploid cells.
B) It produces vegetables and not fruits.
C) It involves meiosis only.
D) It can lead to genetically altered forms of the species.
E) It produces clones of the parent plant.
58) Which of the following is a true statement about clonal reproduction in plants?
A) Clones of plants do not occur naturally.
B) Cloning, although achieved in animals, has not been demonstrated in plants.
C) Making cuttings of ornamental plants is a form of fragmentation.
D) Reproduction of plants by cloning may be either sexual or asexual.
E) Viable seeds can result from sexual reproduction only.
59) Which of the following statements is true for a species that produces seeds by apomixis?
A) The seed coat is made of diploid cells derived from the ovule of a flower.
B) The embryo consists of diploid cells derived from fertilization of a haploid egg by a haploid sperm.
C) The scutellum is the primary food storage tissue of the embryo.
D) A haploid embryo is contained within the seed.
E) The embryo of the seed is genetically distinct from the parent plant.
60) Which of the following could be considered an evolutionary advantage of asexual reproduction in
plants?
A) increased success of progeny in a stable environment.
B) increased agricultural productivity in a rapidly changing environment.
C) maintenance and expansion of a large genome.
D) production of numerous progeny.
E) increased ability to adapt to a change in the environment.
61) Under which conditions would asexual plants have the greatest advantage over sexual plants?
A) an environment that varies on a regular, predictable basis
B) an environment with irregular fluctuations of conditions
C) a relatively constant environment with infrequent disturbances
D) a fire-maintained ecosystem
E) an environment with many seed predators
62) Which of the following statements is true of protoplast fusion?
A) It occurs when the second sperm nucleus fuses with the polar nuclei in the embryo sac.
B) It can be used to form new plant varieties by combining genomes from two plants.
C) It is used to develop gene banks to preserve genetic variability.
D) It is the method of test-tube cloning that produces whole plants from callus.
E) It occurs within a callus that is developing in tissue culture.
63) One major potential benefit resulting from protoplast fusion experiments in agriculturally relevant
species is
A) there is an increased potential of hopeful mutants.
B) species that are normally sexually incompatible can sometimes be successfully fused. producing
offspring with traits of both parent species.
C) many new species can be produced in a short period of time.
D) deleterious traits are often removed by this process.
E) genetically unrelated species can be successfully combined to produce new species with much larger
genomes and adaptive potentials.
64) The most immediate potential benefits of introducing genetically modified crops include
A) increasing the amount of land suitable for agriculture.
B) overcoming genetic incompatibility.
C) increasing the frequency of self-pollination.
D) increasing crop yield.
E) decreasing the mutation rate of certain genes.
65) A parent with an S1S2 genotype exhibiting sporophytic self-incompatibility can potentially fertilize
which of the following plant genotypes of the same species with pollen grains?
A) S1S3
B) S2S3
C) S3S4
D) S1S4
E) Half of all the pollen grains could be successful.
66) A parent with an S1S2 genotype exhibiting gametophytic self-incompatibility could potentially
fertilize which of the following plant genotypes of the same species with pollen grains?
A) S1S3
B) S2S3
C) S1S4
D) S2S4
E) Half of all the pollen grains could be successful.
67) Biofuels are mainly produced by
A) the breakdown of cell wall biopolymers into sugars that can be fermented.
B) plants that convert hemicellulose into gasoline.
C) the genetic engineering of ethanol-generating genes into plants.
D) transgenic crops that have cell walls containing ethylene.
E) plants that are easy to grow in arid environments.
68) One disadvantage of monoculture is that
A) the whole crop ripens at the same time.
B) genetic uniformity makes a crop more vulnerable to a new pest or disease.
C) it predominantly uses vegetative propagation.
D) most grain crops self-pollinate.
E) it allows for the cultivation of large areas of land.
69) Which of the following is a scientific concern related to creating genetically modified crops?
A) Herbicide resistance may spread to weedy species.
B) Beneficial insects may be harmed by eating pest species.
C) Their adaptive advantages would allow them to overpower natural ecosystems.
D) The monetary costs of growing genetically modified plants are significantly greater than traditional
breeding techniques.
E) Genetically modified plants are less stable and may revert back to parental genotypes.
70) All of the following strategies are being pursued with the goal of preventing transgene escape from
genetically modified crops except
A) the engineering of male sterility into plants.
B) the genetic engineering of apomixis into transgenic crops.
C) the genetic engineering of trangenes into the chloroplast DNA.
D) the genetic engineering of flowers that develop normally, but fail to open.
E) hybridization of transgenic crop genes with related wild weeds.
71) Which of the following is proving to be the most difficult task for plant breeders regardless of the
techniques they use for crop improvement due to the complexity of the metabolic pathways involved?
A) insect resistance
B) nitrogen fixation
C) herbicide resistance
D) improved nutritional quality
E) virus resistance
72) Which of the following is a successful example of the commercial use of transgenic crops?
A) inserting Bt toxin genes into cotton, maize, and potato
B) developing plants that are resistant to ultraviolet light mutations
C) producing plants that resist attack by large herbivores
D) developing plants that produce all the essential amino acids for humans
E) producing plants that contain genes for making human insulin
Art Questions
The following questions refer to the diagram of an embryo sac of an angiosperm shown in Figure 38.1.
Figure 38.1
73) Based on Figure 38.1, which cell(s), after fertilization, give(s) rise to the embryo plant?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
74) Based on Figure 38.1, which cell(s) become(s) the triploid endosperm?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
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75) Based on Figure 38.1, which cell(s) guide(s) the pollen tube to the egg cell?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
Scenario Questions
76) You are studying a plant from the Amazon rain forest that shows strong self-incompatibility. To
characterize this reproductive mechanism, you would look for
A) ribonuclease (RNAase) activity in stigma cells.
B) RNA in the plants.
C) pollen grains with very thick walls.
D) carpels that cannot produce eggs by meiosis.
E) systems of wind, but not insect, pollination.
77) Regardless of where in the world a vineyard is located, in order for the winery to produce a
Burgundy, it must use varietal grapes that originated in Burgundy, France. The most effective way for a
new California grower to plant a vineyard to produce Burgundy is to
A) plant seeds obtained from French varietal Burgundy grapes.
B) transplant varietal Burgundy plants from France.
C) acquire a tissue culture of varietal Burgundy grapes from France.
D) cross French Burgundy grapes with native American grapes.
E) graft varietal Burgundy grape scions onto native (Californian) root stocks.
End-of-Chapter Questions
The following questions are from the end-of–chapter “Test Your Understanding” section in Chapter 38
of the textbook.
78) A seed develops from
A) an ovum.
B) a pollen grain.
C) an ovule.
D) an ovary.
E) an embryo.
79) A fruit is
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A) a mature ovary.
B) a mature ovule.
C) a seed plus its integuments.
D) a fused carpel.
E) an enlarged embryo sac.
80) Double fertilization means that
A) flowers must be pollinated twice to yield fruits and seeds.
B) every egg must receive two sperm to produce an embryo.
C) one sperm is needed to fertilize the egg, and a second sperm is needed to fertilize the polar nuclei.
D) the egg of the embryo sac is diploid.
E) every sperm has two nuclei.
81) “Golden Rice”
A) is resistant to various herbicides, making it practical to weed rice fields with those herbicides.
B) is resistant to a virus that commonly attacks rice fields.
C) includes bacterial genes that produce a toxin that reduces damage from insect pests.
D) produces larger, golden grains that increase crop yields.
E) contains daffodil genes that increase vitamin A content.
82) Which statement concerning grafting is correct?
A) Stocks and scions refer to twigs of different species.
B) Stocks come from vines, but scions come from trees.
C) Stocks provide root systems for grafting.
D) Grafting creates new species.
E) Stocks and scions must come from unrelated species.
83) Some dioecious species have the XY genotype for male and XX for female. After double
fertilization, what would be the genotypes of the embryos and endosperm nuclei?
A) embryo X/endosperm XX or embryo Y/endosperm XY
B) embryo XX/endosperm XX or embryo XY/endosperm XY
C) embryo XX/endosperm XXX or embryo XY/endosperm XYY
D) embryo XX/endosperm XXX or embryo XY/endosperm XXY
E) embryo XY/endosperm XXX or embryo XX/endosperm XXY
84) A small flower with green petals is most likely
A) bee-pollinated.
B) bird-pollinated.
C) bat-pollinated.
D) wind-pollinated.
E) moth-pollinated.
85) The pollen produced by wind-pollinated plants is often smaller than the pollen produced by animal-
pollinated plants. A reason for this might be that
A) wind-pollinated plants, in general, are smaller than animal-pollinated plants.
B) wind-pollinated plants release pollen in the spring, before the plant has stored enough energy to make
large pollen grains.
C) small pollen grains can be carried farther by the wind.
D) animal pollinators are more facile at picking up large pollen grains.
E) wind-pollinated flowers don’t need large pollen grains because they don’t have to attract animal
pollinators.
86) The black dots that cover strawberries are actually individual fruits. The fleshy and tasty portion of a
strawberry derives from the receptacle of a flower with many separate carpels. Therefore, a strawberry is
A) both a multiple fruit and an aggregate fruit.
B) both a multiple fruit and an accessory fruit.
C) both a simple fruit and an aggregate fruit.
D) both an aggregate fruit and an accessory fruit.
E) a simple fruit with many seeds.