Campbell’s Biology, 9e (Reece et al.)
Chapter 38 Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology
Chapter 38 is foundational, introducing critical vocabulary in flower morphology and concepts of both
angiosperm sexual reproduction (gametophyte development, pollination, double fertilization, fruit
production) and asexual reproduction (fragmentation, apomixis, vegetative reproduction). Proximal and
ultimate evolutionary advantages and disadvantages are discussed. In a preview to later chapters, human
influences on crop evolution and the environmental impacts of agriculture are introduced, developing
the opportunity for higher-level skill discussions in the classroom.
Multiple-Choice Questions
1) The male wasp, Campsoscolia ciliata, transfers pollen from one orchid to another orchid of the same
species. What “reward” does the male wasp receive from the orchid plants for helping with the orchid
pollination?
A) a supply of energy-rich nectar
B) volatile chemical hormones that help the male wasp find a sexually receptive female
C) no reward; the male wasp is deceived by the flower shape and odor
D) successful copulation with the flower
E) a store of nectar that the wasp can use in time of famine
2) Which of the following plant/animal interactions is not a mutually beneficial (mutualistic)
relationship?
A) honeybees gathering pollen from apple blossoms
B) butterflies gathering nectar from lily blossoms
C) beetles feeding on magnolia blossoms
D) ants protecting and feeding from nectaries of Acacia
E) wasps such as Campsoscolia ciliata transferring pollen in orchid flowers
3) Which of the following best describes the ploidy level of a fertilized embryo sac?
A) All cells are diploid.
B) All cells are triploid.
C) All cells are polyploid.
D) The ploidy level varies among species.
E) There are haploid, diploid, and triploid cells.
4) A flowering plant with a deleterious mutation in microsporogenesis would most likely
A) fail to produce sepals.
B) fail to produce petals.
C) fail to produce anthers.
D) fail to produce pollen.
E) fail to produce ovules.
5) When comparing the mature seeds of a pine tree to an apple tree, which of the following is a correct
statement?
A) The developmental sequences postfertilization are identical.
B) Both contain triploid tissue.
C) The nutritive tissues are both haploid.
D) Only the apple seed has a diploid seed coat.
E) Both contain haploid and diploid tissues.
6) A mature, unfertilized ovule in an angiosperm is the result of
A) a single meiotic division.
B) a single mitotic division.
C) both meiotic and mitotic divisions.
D) mitosis from the megaspore mother cell.
E) differentiation from the suspensor tissues.
7) At the conclusion of meiosis in plants, the end products are always four haploid
A) spores.
B) eggs.
C) sperm.
D) seeds.
E) gametes.
8) Which of the following is the correct sequence during the alternation of generations life cycle in a
flowering plant?
A) sporophyte → meiosis → gametophyte → gametes → fertilization → diploid zygote
B) sporophyte → mitosis → gametophyte → meiosis → sporophyte
C) haploid gametophyte → gametes → meiosis → fertilization → diploid sporophyte
D) sporophyte → spores → meiosis → gametophyte → gametes
E) haploid sporophyte → spores → fertilization → diploid gametophyte
9) Which of the following is true in plants?
A) Mitosis occurs in gametophytes to produce gametes.
B) Meiosis occurs in sporophytes to produce spores.
C) The gametophyte is within the flower in angiosperms.
D) Mitosis occurs in gametophytes to produce gametes, and meiosis occurs in sporophytes to produce
spores.
E) Mitosis occurs in gametophytes to produce gametes, meiosis occurs in sporophytes to produce spores,
and the gametophyte is within the flower in angiosperms.
10) Which of the following are true of most angiosperms?
A) They have a triploid endosperm within the seed.
B) They have an ovary that becomes a fruit.
C) They have a small (reduced) sporophyte.
D) They have a triploid endosperm within the seed and an ovary that becomes a fruit.
E) They have a triploid endosperm within the seed, an ovary that becomes a fruit, and a small (reduced)
sporophyte.
11) Based on studies of plant evolution and anatomy, which flower part is least likely to have evolved
from a leaf?
A) stamen
B) carpel
C) petals
D) sepals
E) receptacle
12) All of the following floral parts are involved in pollination or fertilization except the
A) stamen.
B) carpel.
C) petals.
D) sepals.
E) receptacle.
13) The ovary is most often located on/in the
A) stamen.
B) carpel.
C) petals.
D) sepals.
E) receptacle.
14) Microsporangia in flowering plants are located in the
A) stamen.
B) carpel.
C) petals.
D) sepals.
E) receptacle.
15) Which of the following is the correct order of floral organs from the outside to the inside of a
complete flower?
A) petals → sepals → stamens → carpels
B) sepals → stamens → petals → carpels
C) spores → gametes → zygote → embryo
D) sepals → petals → stamens → carpels
E) male gametophyte → female gametophyte → sepals → petals
16) In some angiosperms, other floral parts contribute to what is commonly called the fruit. Which of
the following fruits is derived mostly from an enlarged receptacle?
A) pea
B) raspberry
C) apple
D) pineapple
E) peach
17) All of the following are primary functions of flowers except
A) pollen production.
B) photosynthesis.
C) meiosis.
D) egg production.
E) sexual reproduction.
18) Meiosis occurs within all of the following flower parts except the
A) ovule.
B) style.
C) megasporangium.
D) anther.
E) ovary.
19) A perfect flower is fertile, but may be either complete or incomplete. Which of the following
correctly describes a perfect flower?
A) It has no sepals.
B) It has fused carpels.
C) It is on a dioecious plant.
D) It has no endosperm.
E) It has both stamens and carpels.
20) Carpellate flowers
A) are perfect.
B) are complete.
C) produce pollen.
D) are found only on dioecious plants.
E) develop into fruits.
21) Which of the following statements regarding flowering plants is false?
A) The sporophyte is the dominant generation.
B) Female gametophytes develop from megaspores within the anthers.
C) Pollination is the placing of pollen on the stigma of a carpel.
D) The food-storing endosperm is derived from the cell that contains two polar nuclei and one sperm
nucleus.
E) Flowers produce fruits within the ovules.
22) Which of the following types of plants are incapable of self-pollination?
A) dioecious
B) monoecious
C) complete
D) wind-pollinated
E) insect-pollinated
23) In flowering plants, pollen is released from the
A) anther.
B) stigma.
C) carpel.
D) filament.
E) pollen tube.
24) In the life cycle of an angiosperm, which of the following stages is diploid?
A) megaspore
B) generative nucleus of a pollen grain
C) polar nuclei of the embryo sac
D) microsporocyte
E) both megaspore and polar nuclei
25) Where does meiosis occur in flowering plants?
A) megasporocyte
B) microsporocyte
C) endosperm
D) pollen tube
E) megasporocyte and microsporocyte
26) Which of the following is a correct sequence of processes that takes place when a flowering plant
reproduces?
A) meiosis → fertilization → ovulation → germination
B) fertilization → meiosis → nuclear fusion → formation of embryo and endosperm
C) meiosis → pollination → nuclear fusion → formation of embryo and endosperm
D) growth of pollen tube → pollination → germination → fertilization
E) meiosis → mitosis → nuclear fusion → pollen
27) Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its life-cycle generation?
A) anther gametophyte
B) pollen gametophyte
C) embryo sac gametophyte
D) stamen sporophyte
E) embryo sporophyte
28) Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in a pollen sac?
A) sporangia → meiosis → two haploid cells → meiosis → two pollen grains per cell
B) pollen grain → meiosis → two generative cells → two tube cells per pollen grain
C) two haploid cells → meiosis → generative cell → tube cell–fertilization → pollen grain
D) pollen grain → mitosis → microspores → meiosis → generative cell plus tube cell
E) microsporocyte → meiosis → microspores → mitosis → two haploid cells per pollen grain
29) Which of the following occurs in an angiosperm ovule?
A) An antheridium forms from the megasporophyte.
B) A megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis.
C) The egg nucleus is usually diploid.
D) A pollen tube emerges to accept pollen after pollination.
E) The endosperm surrounds the megaspore mother cell.
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30) Where and by which process are sperm cells formed in plants?
A) meiosis in pollen grains
B) meiosis in anthers
C) mitosis in male gametophyte pollen tube
D) mitosis in the micropyle
E) mitosis in the embryo sac
31) In which of the following pairs are the two terms equivalent?
A) ovule egg
B) embryo sac female gametophyte
C) endosperm male gametophyte
D) seed zygote
E) microspore pollen grain
32) Which of the following is the male gametophyte of a flowering plant?
A) ovule
B) microsporocyte
C) pollen grain
D) embryo sac
E) stamen
33) Which of the following would be considered a multiple fruit?
A) apple
B) strawberry
C) raspberry
D) pineapple
E) corn on the cob
34) In flowering plants, a mature male gametophyte contains
A) two haploid gametes and a diploid pollen grain.
B) a generative cell and a tube cell.
C) two sperm nuclei and one tube cell nucleus.
D) two haploid microspores.
E) a haploid nucleus and a diploid pollen wall.
35) Three mitotic divisions within the female gametophyte of the megaspore produce
A) three antipodal cells, two polar nuclei, one egg, and two synergids.
B) the triple fusion nucleus.
C) three pollen grains.
D) two antipodal cells, two polar nuclei, two eggs, and two synergids.
E) a tube nucleus, a generative cell, and a sperm cell.
36) What is the difference between pollination and fertilization in flowering plants?
A) Fertilization precedes pollination.
B) Pollination easily occurs between plants of different species, whereas fertilization is within a species.
C) Pollen is formed within megasporangia so that male and female gametes are near each other.
D) Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma. Fertilization is the fusion of haploid
nuclei.
E) If fertilization occurs, pollination is unnecessary.
37) Recent research has shown that pollination requires that carpels recognize pollen grains as “self or
nonself.” For self-incompatibility, the system requires
A) the rejection of nonself cells.
B) the rejection of self cells.
C) carpel incompatibility with the egg cells.
D) that the flowers be incomplete.
E) the union of genetically identical sperm and egg cells.
38) Genetic incompatibility does not affect the
A) attraction of a suitable insect pollinator.
B) germination of the pollen on the stigma.
C) growth of the pollen tube in the style.
D) membrane permeability of cells.
E) different individuals of the same species.
39) What effects would occur in a mutant of Arabidopsis that cannot synthesize GABA within its
flowers?
A) Pollen tube growth would not be directed toward the egg, and fertilization would not occur.
B) The seeds from the flowers would be unable to break dormancy.
C) The pollen grain would not form a pollen tube due to incompatibility with the pollen tube.
D) The length of the style would be increased to the point where the growing pollen tube would be
unable to reach the synergids.
40) As a flower develops, which transition is most likely to occur?
A) The microspores become pollen grains.
B) The ovule becomes a fruit.
C) The petals are retained.
D) The vegetative nucleus becomes a sperm nucleus.
E) The ovules become ovaries.
41) The primary function of the integument of an ovule is to
A) protect against animal predation.
B) ensure double fertilization.
C) form a seed coat.
D) direct development of the endosperm.
E) produce hormones that ensure successful pollination.
42) Which of the following events suggests there is a change in the egg cell membrane after penetration
by a sperm?
A) The pollen tube grows away from the egg toward the polar nuclei.
B) CA2+ builds up in the cytoplasm of the egg.
C) The egg cell plasmolyzes.
D) Double fertilization occurs.
E) There is a spike in membrane transport activity.
43) The structure of a mature, functional fruit always includes
A) one or more seeds.
B) extensive vascular connections to the parent plant.
C) fleshy cells rich in sugars.
D) brightly colored pigments to attract animal dispersers.
E) subtending bracts to protect against predators.
44) Which of the following statements argues for an advantage for flowering plants to maintain an
extended gametophyte generation?
A) The protection of female gametophytes within ovules keeps them from drying out.
B) Sperm with flagella can reach the egg faster.
C) It provides sufficient time for the integument to develop into a seed coat.
D) It allows for a complex nucleus to develop.
E) It allows more time for potential pollination.
45) What is typically the result of double fertilization in angiosperms?
A) The endosperm develops into a diploid nutrient tissue.
B) A triploid zygote is formed.
C) Both a diploid embryo and triploid endosperm are formed.
D) Two embryos develop in every seed.
E) The antipodal cells develop into the seed coat.
46) Which of the following statements applies to the endosperm in angiosperms?
A) Its nutrients may be absorbed by the cotyledons in the seeds of eudicots.
B) It develops from a haploid cell.
C) Its nutrients are digested before embryo development.
D) It develops from the fertilized egg.
E) It is only fully developed in monocot seeds.