CHAPTER 38—INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL ORGANIZATION AND
PHYSIOLOGY
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Maintenance of the body’s internal environment at relatively constant levels is called
a.
feedback.
b.
homeostasis.
c.
physiology.
d.
natural selection.
e.
feedforward.
2. Hypothermia results from
a.
a drop in core temperature for a prolonged period of time.
b.
a lack of homeostasis.
c.
an imbalance between energy inputs (nutrients) and energy output.
d.
prolonged exposure to heat.
e.
dehydration.
3. An examination of the arrangement of bones in the hand is an example of
a.
an ecological study.
b.
a taxonomic study.
c.
an anatomical study.
d.
a physiological study.
e.
a homeostatic study.
4. An examination of the processes of muscle contraction in fishes is an example of
a.
an ecological study.
b.
a taxonomic study.
c.
an anatomical study.
d.
a physiological study.
e.
a homeostatic study.
5. Which of the following levels of organization are correctly arranged from smallest to largest?
a.
tissue, organ, organ system
b.
tissue, organ system, organ
c.
organ system, organ, tissue
d.
organ system, tissue, organ
e.
organ, organ system, tissue
6. A group of specialized cells of similar structure and function is a(n)
a.
organ system.
b.
cell cluster.
c.
organ.
d.
tissue.
e.
organism.
7. The evolution of multicellularity was important for organisms for all of the following reasons
EXCEPT?
a.
It allows for the creation of a sustainable internal fluid environment.
b.
It allows for occupation of diverse habitats.
c.
It allows for cellular specialization.
d.
It allows for an increase in the size of an organism.
e.
It allows for mutualisms with single cell organisms.
8. Two or more different tissues arranged to carry out a specific function is called a(n)
a.
organ system.
b.
organ.
c.
tissue.
d.
organism.
e.
tissue system.
9. The structure of a tissue is determined by
a.
the structure and organization of the cell cytoskeleton.
b.
the type and organization of the extracellular matrix.
c.
the junctions holding cells together.
d.
the structure and organization of the cell cytoskeleton and the junctions holding cells
together.
e.
the structure and organization of the cell cytoskeleton, the type and organization of the
extracellular matrix and the junctions holding cells together.
10. Which of the following cell junctions are responsible for allowing the bladder lining to stretch, thus
accommodating increasing volumes of urine?
a.
anchoring junctions
b.
gap junctions
c.
tight junctions
d.
anchoring junctions and gap junctions
e.
anchoring junctions, tight junctions and gap junctions
11. You observe a tissue with one free surface with several layers of cells attached to a basal lamina. This
is an example of
a.
connective tissue.
b.
epithelial tissue.
c.
muscle tissue.
d.
nervous tissue.
e.
connective and muscle tissue.
12. The presence of cilia is a common feature of some
a.
nervous tissues.
b.
muscle tissues.
c.
connective tissues.
d.
epithelial tissues.
e.
epithelial tissues and connective tissues.
13. You would describe an epithelial tissue with a single layer of flattened cells as
a.
simple columnar epithelium.
b.
stratified cuboidal epithelium.
c.
stratified columnar epithelium.
d.
stratified squamous epithelium.
e.
simple squamous epithelium.
14. If you were presented with a tissue sample that contained long rows of cells surrounded by parallel
bundles of collagen and elastin fibers, that tissue would most likely be
a.
bone tissue.
b.
fibrous connective tissue.
c.
cartilage.
d.
blood.
e.
adipose tissue.
15. Which connective tissue contains fibroblasts?
a.
loose connective tissue
b.
fibrous connective tissue
c.
cartilage
d.
bone
e.
loose connective tissue and fibrous connective tissue
16. Which connective tissue is best at withstanding compression due the elasticity of its matrix?
a.
loose connective tissue
b.
bone tissue
c.
cartilage
d.
fibrous connective tissue
e.
none of these.
17. Which tissue has little extracellular matrix, acts as an insulator, and is used to store chemical energy?
a.
loose connective tissue
b.
blood
c.
cartilage
d.
fibrous connective tissue
e.
adipose tissue.
18. Which tissue acts to transport nutrients and wastes throughout the body?
a.
blood
b.
adipose tissue
c.
loose connective tissue
d.
fibrous connective tissue
e.
cartilage
19. Which tissue is best described as a sparse distribution of cells surrounded by an open network of
collagen and elastin fibers?
a.
fibrous connective tissue
b.
adipose tissue
c.
bone tissue
d.
loose connective tissue
e.
blood
20. Which major tissue category often has more extracellular matrix material than cellular material?
a.
epithelial tissue
b.
connective tissue
c.
muscle tissue
d.
nervous tissue
e.
adipose tissue
21. Which type of connective tissue forms tendons and ligaments?
a.
loose connective tissue
b.
blood
c.
cartilage
d.
fibrous connective tissue
e.
adipose tissue
22. You would expect the bones of a growing child to have extremely active
a.
osteoclasts.
b.
fibroblasts.
c.
osteoblasts.
d.
adipocytes.
e.
chondrocytes.
23. Which major tissue category has cells that can contract?
a.
epithelium
b.
connective tissue
c.
muscle tissue
d.
nervous tissue
e.
adipose tissue
24. Which tissue is striated and can rapidly contract, producing voluntary movements?
a.
skeletal muscle
b.
smooth muscle
c.
bone tissue
d.
cardiac muscle
e.
adipose tissue
25. Which tissue has contractile cells that are joined by intercalated disks, allowing it to contract as a unit?
a.
smooth muscle
b.
cartilage
c.
skeletal muscle
d.
cardiac muscle
e.
adipose tissue
26. Which tissue is composed of spindle-shaped contractile cells that are commonly found in the walls of
tubular organs such as blood vessels?
a.
squamous epithelium
b.
smooth muscle
c.
skeletal muscle
d.
cardiac muscle
e.
adipose tissue
27. The cells of which tissue are connected by gap junctions?
a.
skeletal muscle
b.
cardiac muscle
c.
smooth muscle
d.
adipose muscle
e.
cardiac and smooth muscle
28. What cell type(s) are found in nervous tissue?
a.
neurons
b.
glial cells
c.
squamous cells
d.
neurons and glial cells
e.
glial cells and squamous cells
29. The part of a neuron that conducts an electrical signal towards other neurons is/are the
a.
dendrites.
b.
cell body.
c.
axon.
d.
dendrites and axon.
e.
dendrites, cell body and axon.
30. Glial cells function to
a.
conduct electrical impulses.
b.
support and nourish neurons.
c.
secrete collagen fibers into the extracellular matrix.
d.
release secretions on to a free surface.
e.
move ions across the cell membrane.
31. A person takes a medication that blocks their neurons’ ability to be stimulated by a specific chemical
signal. What part of the neuron is most likely being affected by the medication?
a.
axon terminals
b.
the axon
c.
dendrites
d.
the cell body
e.
nucleus
32. Which of the following human tissue cell types can be over a meter in length?
a.
neurons
b.
chondrocytes
c.
columnar epithelial cells
d.
skeletal muscle cells
e.
adipocytes
33. Which of the following major tissue types can transmit electrical impulses from one part of an
organism to another?
a.
epithelial tissue
b.
connective tissue
c.
muscle tissue
d.
nervous tissue
e.
adipose tissue
Use the figure above for the following question(s).
34. Identify the structure of the neuron marked B.
a.
axon terminal
b.
cell body
c.
axon
d.
glial cell
e.
dendrites
35. Identify the structure of the neuron marked D.
a.
axon terminal
b.
cell body
c.
axon
d.
glial cell
e.
dendrites
36. Identify the structure of the neuron marked C.
a.
axon terminal
b.
cell body
c.
axon
d.
glial cell
e.
dendrites
37. Identify the structure of the neuron marked A.
a.
axon terminal
b.
cell body
c.
axon
d.
glial cell
e.
dendrites
38. The research of James A. Thompson and his coworkers shows that sustainable human stem cell
colonies can be established. As experimental evidence of this, they showed that
a.
human stem cell colonies could survive outside the body if exposed to a bed of mouse
fibroblasts.
b.
stem cell telomerase remained inactive in established cell colonies.
c.
cultured stem cells could differentiate when injected into apes.
d.
cultured stem cells could differentiate when injected into chicken embryos.
e.
human stem cells could on differentiate into muscle tissue.
39. The major disadvantage of using stem cells derived from human embryos was:
a.
they did not differentiate.
b.
they were difficult to maintain in culture.
c.
they did not function in humans other than those that they were obtained from.
d.
they could not be frozen.
e.
they did not contain fully active telomerase.
40. Which of the following is a correct statement about the formation of sustainable human stem cell
cultures?
a.
Organs could not be grown for transplantation.
b.
Defective cells could be replaced with functional versions derived by stem cells (e.g.,
Parkinson disease).
c.
They could cure cancer.
d.
They could cure the common cold.
e.
They could cure the flue.
41. Which of the following organ systems are NOT involved in temperature regulation or secretions of
hormones?
a.
integumentary system
b.
circulatory system
c.
muscular system
d.
skeletal system
e.
endocrine system
42. Which organ system includes the spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus?
a.
circulatory system
b.
endocrine system
c.
nervous system
d.
digestive system
e.
lymphatic system
43. Which of the following organ systems is responsible for eliminating metabolic wastes from the body?
a.
excretory system
b.
respiratory system
c.
nervous system
d.
excretory and respiratory system
e.
excretory, respiratory, and circulatory system
44. Which organ system includes the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands?
a.
endocrine system
b.
reproductive system
c.
lymphatic system
d.
respiratory system
e.
skeletal system
45. The two most important regulatory systems for the maintenance of homeostasis are
a.
circulatory and nervous systems.
b.
endocrine and circulatory systems.
c.
lymphatic and circulatory systems.
d.
nervous and endocrine systems.
e.
lymphatic and circulatory systems.
46. Which component of a negative feedback mechanism is responsible for producing the effect that
counteracts the original environmental change away from homeostasis?
a.
sensor
b.
response
c.
effector
d.
stimulus
e.
integrator
47. What component of a negative feedback mechanism does the brain or spinal cord represent?
a.
response
b.
sensor
c.
integrator
d.
effector
e.
stimulus
48. The process in which an environmental stimulus triggers a response that compensates for changes in
the internal/external environment is called
a.
positive feedback.
b.
physiological feedback.
c.
reflex feedback.
d.
negative feedback.
e.
anatomical feedback.
49. A response to change in the internal/external environment that adds to the change is called
a.
positive feedback.
b.
physiological feedback.
c.
reflex feedback.
d.
negative feedback.
e.
anatomical feedback.
Use the figure above for the following question(s).
50. Identify negative feedback component B.
a.
integrator
b.
sensor
c.
stimulus
d.
response
e.
effector
51. Identify negative feedback component D.
a.
integrator
b.
sensor
c.
stimulus
d.
response
e.
effector
52. Identify negative feedback component C.
a.
integrator
b.
sensor
c.
stimulus
d.
response
e.
effector
53. Where in the body does the circadian clock act to control of vascular disease?
a.
Systems under positive feedback control.
b.
Systems under negative feedback control.
c.
Systems that develop early in life.
d.
Systems that develop later in life.
e.
It is not known.
54. Which of the following structures is NOT an example of an organ?
a.
cartilage
b.
blood vessels
c.
the brain
d.
the heart
e.
the stomach
55. Which of the following is NOT an example of a homeostatic mechanism?
a.
sweating when you get hot
b.
the maintenance of blood glucose concentrations
c.
body water regulation
d.
heart rate increase during exercise
e.
childbirth
767
56. Which of the following is NOT an example of an epithelial function?
a.
allow diffusion
b.
secrete products
c.
contract when stimulated
d.
protect the body from invasion by bacteria
e.
form linings of organs
57. Which is NOT a component of blood?
a.
erythrocytes
b.
osteocytes
c.
leukocytes
d.
platelets
e.
plasma
58. Which organ system is NOT required for the maintenance of homeostasis within an organism?
a.
excretory system
b.
reproductive system
c.
skeletal system
d.
endocrine system
e.
lymphatic system
59. Which of the following is NOT an example of negative feedback control of homeostasis?
a.
childbirth.
b.
blood pH regulation.
c.
regulation of heart rate.
d.
temperature regulation.
e.
blood oxygen regulation.
MATCHING
Match each of the following organ systems with its correct description.
a.
Exchanges gases with the environment
b.
Coordinates body activities through the conduction of electrical impulses
c.
Helps regulate internal water balance and pH
d.
Provides leverage for body movements
e.
Moves body parts
f.
Converts ingested matter into molecules and ions that can be absorbed into the body
g.
Covers external body surfaces and protects against injury and infection
768
h.
Returns excess fluid to the body and protects it against pathogens
i.
Passes on genes to the next generation
j.
Coordinates body activities though secretion of hormones
k.
Distributes water and nutrients throughout the body
60. nervous system
61. endocrine system
62. muscular system
63. skeletal system
64. integumentary system
65. circulatory system
66. lymphatic system
67. respiratory system
68. digestive system
69. excretory system
70. reproductive system
Match each of the following tissues with its correct description.
a.
Wraps around internal organs, providing a lubricated surface
b.
Cushions organs and stores surplus energy
c.
Transport respiratory gases throughout the body
d.
Has flattened cells that are optimal for diffusion
e.
Withstand tension produced by muscles that are attached
f.
Is composed of chondrocytes and collagen embedded in an elastic matrix
g.
Controls body systems by conducting electrical impulses
h.
Found exclusively in the heart
i.
Lines the gut and respiratory tract
j.
Produces involuntary movements associated with tubular organs
71. adipose tissue
72. loose connective tissue
73. cardiac muscle
74. columnar epithelium
75. smooth muscle
76. fibrous connective tissue
77. nervous tissue
78. squamous epithelium
79. blood
80. cartilage
MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE
If the statement is true, answer “T“. If the statement is false, answer “F” and make it correct by
changing the underlined word(s) and writing the correct word(s) in the answer blank(s).
81. Tight junctions between muscle cells help muscle tissue function as a unit.
82. Four simple types of epithelia are found in the body.
83. It has only been since 1998 that a method for culturing stem cells has been described.
84. Elastin is found only in insects and some crustaceans and is the most elastic material known.
85. Blood is considered a connective tissue because its cells are suspended in an extra cellular matrix.
86. The ten functions of organ systems of humans are coordinated and organized to accomplish tasks vital
in humans, to most vertebrates, and to most invertebrates.
87. Plasma is the fluid portion of blood.
88. Plasma in a blood vessel is separated from cells by interstitial fluid.
89. The extracellular fluid has three components, plasma, interstitial fluid, and cells.
90. The birth process in mammals provides an example of positive feedback.
SHORT ANSWER
91. Most cells of a multicellular animal are isolated from direct contact with the external environment.
How are the cells connected to the external environment? Briefly describe how CO2, NaCl and pH
affect the body through the connection.
92. Distinguish between exocrine and endocrine glands.
93. Why are both blood and bone considered connective tissue?
94. Distinguish between a circadian clock and circadian rhythm.