51. A(n) ____ is a seed leaf.
a.
suspensor
b.
epicotyl
c.
hypocotyl
d.
endosperm
e.
cotyledon
52. The embryonic root, which is where the pollen tube enters the ovule prior to fertilization, is called the
a.
suspensor.
b.
epicotyl.
c.
hypocotyl.
d.
radicle.
e.
cotyledon.
53. The fruit wall, or pericarp, develops from the
a.
ovary wall.
b.
petals.
c.
seed coat.
d.
endosperm.
e.
receptacle.
54. A fruit that develops from a single ovary, such as a peach, in a single flower is called a(n)
a.
aggregate fruit.
b.
accessory fruit.
c.
multiple fruit.
d.
simple fruit.
e.
compound fruit.
55. A fruit that develops from several ovaries in a single flower, such as a raspberry, is called a(n)
a.
aggregate fruit.
b.
accessory fruit.
c.
multiple fruit.
d.
simple fruit.
e.
compound fruit.
56. A fruit that develops from several ovaries in multiple flowers, such as a pineapple, is called a(n)
a.
aggregate fruit.
b.
accessory fruit.
c.
multiple fruit.
d.
simple fruit.
e.
compound fruit.
57. A fruit, such as a strawberry, that develops from tissues of the receptacle as well as the ovary would be
considered a(n)
a.
aggregate fruit.
b.
accessory fruit.
c.
multiple fruit.
d.
simple fruit.
e.
compound fruit.
58. Fleshy fruits, such as blueberries, usually aid seed dispersal by
a.
catching in the hair or feathers of animals.
b.
being buried by animals.
c.
falling directly under the parent plant.
d.
floating away from the parent plant.
e.
being eaten by animals.
59. In seeds, the shift from active metabolism to dormancy, and then reactivation and germination is based
on levels of
a.
a number of hormones.
b.
the temperature response of hormones.
c.
antagonistic hormone action.
d.
abscisic acid.
e.
temperature.
60. Which of the following it the most typical order of events in seed germination?
a.
shoot cells divide and elongate → root cells divide and elongate → seed coat splits →
water imbibition
b.
water imbibition → seed coat splits → root cells divide and elongate → shoot cells divide
and elongate
c.
water imbibition → root cells divide and elongate → seed coat splits → shoot cells divide
and elongate
d.
seed coat splits → water imbibition → root cells divide and elongate → shoot cells divide
and elongate
e.
seed coat splits → water imbibition → shoot cells divide and elongate → root cells divide
and elongate
61. Why would most plants produce large numbers of seeds?
a.
Most seeds are not viable.
b.
Most of a plants seeds are produced as food for animals that disperse the seed.
c.
Most plants have many flowers.
d.
Most plants only flower once
e.
Few seeds survive, germinate and grow into mature individuals.
62. Which of the following is NOT a form of asexual reproduction?
a.
production of new plants at nodes along stolons in strawberries
b.
humans growing trees from cuttings
c.
production of new plants at nodes along underground rhizomes in Bermuda grass
d.
buds from an underground stem of an onion
e.
self-fertilization
63. Many fully differentiated plant cells are totipotent, meaning that they
a.
will grow roots if they touch the ground.
b.
will perform photosynthesis if exposed to sunlight.
c.
can fertilize an egg.
d.
have the potential to form a whole, fully-functional plant.
e.
can undergo meiosis.
64. The process of asexual reproduction where a diploid embryo develops from an unfertilized egg or from
diploid cells in ovule tissue is called
a.
fragmentation.
b.
protoplast fusion.
c.
somaclonal section.
d.
grafting.
e.
apomixis.
65. Joining a scion with useful fruit traits to a stock with useful root traits is called
a.
fragmentation.
b.
protoplast fusion.
c.
somaclonal section.
d.
grafting.
e.
apomixis.
66. Growing useful mutants that develop from callus culture is called
a.
fragmentation.
b.
protoplast fusion.
c.
somaclonal section.
d.
grafting.
e.
apomixis.
67. The pomato, a cross between a potato and a tomato, was produced by
a.
fragmentation.
b.
protoplast fusion.
c.
somaclonal section.
d.
grafting.
e.
apomixis.
68. Studies have shown that in the flowering plant Arabidopsis the root-shoot axis is established
a.
by the first cell division of the embryo.
b.
within hours after the seed germinates.
c.
during the torpedo stage of embryonic development.
d.
shortly after the eight-cell embryo stage.
e.
by plant tissues breaking through the seed coat and making contact with soil.
69. The growth of a new plant on the margin of a leaf that eventually falls to the ground and grows
independently is an example of
a.
fragmentation.
b.
protoplast fusion.
c.
somaclonal section.
d.
grafting.
e.
apomixis.
70. Studies have shown that in the flowering plant Arabidopsis whether or not a root epidermal cell
develops a root hair is determined
a.
by the distance of the cell from the root tip.
b.
from the timing of cell division.
c.
by positional information from cells of the root cortex.
d.
shortly after the eight-cell embryo stage.
e.
by the direction of cell division.
71. The direction of expansion for a plant cell is determined primarily by
a.
location of the cell plate.
b.
the direction of cell division.
c.
the direction to the nearest meristem.
d.
orientation of cellulose microfibrils in its primary cell wall.
e.
gravity.
72. Studies have shown that in the flowering plant Arabidopsis the development of parts of a flower is
governed by
a.
differential uptake of hormone signals from the leaves.
b.
the oxygen gradient from outside to inside of the closed flower.
c.
differentiation of cell types as they are formed from the apical meristem.
d.
the timing of cell division.
e.
the expression patterns of several floral organ homeotic genes.
73. Almost immediately after a young leaf primordium first begins to bulge out
a.
undifferentiated vascular tissues that will later become xylem and phloem penetrate it.
b.
small xylem vessels penetrate it first, followed soon after by phloem.
c.
small phloem vessels penetrate it first, followed soon after by xylem.
d.
small xylem and phloem vessels penetrate it together.
e.
specialized vascular tissue cells penetrate and soon differentiate into phloem or xylem
vessels.
74. The oldest cells in a mature leaf are found
a.
at the base of the leaf.
b.
near the very center of the leaf.
c.
at the stomata.
d.
at the leaf tip.
e.
as files of cells at the widest point of the leaf.
75. The first complete plant genome to be sequenced was that of
a.
Phaseolus vulgaris (kidney bean).
b.
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress).
c.
Zea mays (corn).
d.
Capsella burse-pastoris (shepherd’s purse).
e.
Oryza sativa (rice).
76. Approximately ____ genes have been identified in the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana.
a.
28,000
b.
5,400
c.
3,200,000
d.
120,000
e.
67,000
77. Which of the following is an unusual event that occurs as trichomes differentiate?
a.
DNA replication
b.
endoduplication
c.
cell expansion
d.
mitosis
e.
regulation of the cell cycle
730
78. In Arabidopsis the genes TRYPTYCHON and STICHEL are involved in determining
a.
how closely trichomes will develop to each other.
b.
whether or not trichomes are formed.
c.
which side of a leaf will have trichomes.
d.
how many branches a trichome will have.
e.
cell division within trichomes.
79. Once a pollen tube lands on a compatible stigma
a.
chemical cues guide the pollen tube from the stigma to the embryo sac of an ovule.
b.
that pollen tube continues on to another ovule.
c.
other pollen tubes are attracted to that ovule.
d.
other pollen tubes can penetrate that ovule more easily.
e.
the flower dies to prevent further pollination
80. Which statement best reflects the current understanding of pollen-tube elongation?
a.
It is not even known if pollen tube growth uses chemical signals or is completely random.
b.
Pollen-tube elongation will occur as long as the pistil provides moisture and energy.
c.
While it is known that chemical cues from female tissues help guide pollen tube growth,
the identity of these chemicals is not known.
d.
Nearly all of the details of the chemical interactions between the pollen tube and pistil
tissue are known.
e.
Pollen-tube elongation will occur only when pistil chemical cues are suppressed.
MATCHING
Match each of the following flower parts with its description.
a.
Encloses and protects all other flower parts before the flower opens
b.
Male reproductive parts
c.
Female reproductive parts
d.
Often showy parts that function in attracting bees or other animal pollinators
81. petals
82. carpels
83. sepals
84. stamens
SHORT ANSWER
85. Describe the process of double fertilization in flowering plants.
86. Describe several ways that fruits can aid seed dispersal.
87. Describe the benefits of self-incompatibility and self-compatibility.
88. Plant cells have a ridged cell wall. How do plant cells expand, and how important is cell expansion to
plant growth?
MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE
If the statement is true, answer “T”. If the statement is false, answer “F” and make it correct by
changing the underlined word(s) and writing the correct word(s) in the answer blank(s).
89. Animals grow mainly by increasing the number of body cells, plants grow mainly by increasing cell
size.
90. In plants, but not animals, each daughter cell differentiates and becomes specialized for its particular
function.
91. A flower develops from the end of the floral shoot, called the receptacle.
92. All imperfect flowers are also incomplete.
93. The process by which plants produce seeds begins with fertilization.
94. When a plant zygote first forms, it starts to develop and elongate after mitosis begins.
95. A fruit is a matured or ripened ovary.
96. Strawberries are both aggregate fruits and accessory fruits.
97. Vegetative reproduction is rare in nature.
98. Cells removed from callus that can grow into plantlets illustrates that differentiated cells can be
returned to a totipotent state.