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Campbell Biology: Concepts and Connections, 8e (Reece et al.)
Chapter 35 Behavioral Adaptations to the Environment
35.1 Multiple-Choice Questions
1) Answers to questions about the immediate mechanisms for a behavior are called
A) conclusions.
B) proximate causes.
C) habituation.
D) ultimate causes.
2) The evolutionary explanations for behavior are called the
A) evolutionary schematics.
B) selected advantage.
C) proximal causes.
D) ultimate causes.
3) When a nipple is placed in a newborn baby’s mouth, the infant will immediately begin to
suckle. This is an example of
A) imprinted behavior.
B) classical conditioning.
C) innate behavior.
D) imitation.
4) Which of the following statements regarding behavior is true?
A) Innate behaviors are performed the same way in all members of a genus.
B) Fixed action patterns are learned behavior sequences.
C) A learned behavior triggers a fixed action pattern.
D) A fixed action pattern is under strong genetic control.
5) Which of the following is an example of a fixed action pattern?
A) the imprinting of baby goslings on their mother
B) habituation in the cnidarian Hydra
C) the way female digger wasps find their nests
D) the way a greylag goose retrieves an egg that has rolled out of the nest
6) When building a nest, a female Fisher’s lovebird cuts long strips of vegetation and carries
them to the nest site one at a time in her beak. The female peach-faced lovebird cuts short strips
and carries them to the nest tucked under her back feathers. Hybrid female offspring cut
intermediate-sized strips and attempt to tuck them under back feathers before carrying them in
their beak. What does this demonstrate about behavior?
A) Behavior can be learned from parents.
B) There is a genetic basis to behavior.
C) Environment is important in forming behaviors.
D) Lovebirds can be trained easily.
7) Many rats were tested for their ability to learn to navigate a maze. The average number of
errors, for a total of 14 trials, was 64 per rat. The rats that made the fewest errors were bred to
each other, and the offspring were tested in a similar way. This process was repeated for seven
generations, at which point the average number of errors for 14 trials was 36. This experiment
demonstrates that
A) learned behavior cannot be inherited.
B) maze-learning ability has a genetic basis.
C) maze-learning ability depends mainly on early contact with adept parents.
D) natural selection has a role in the evolution of fixed action patterns but not in the evolution of
behavior involving learning.
8) Cross-fostering experiments with Norway rat pups showed that in their response to stress,
A) environment was the critical factor, not genetics.
B) genetics was the only important factor.
C) both genetics and the environment played a clear role.
D) cross-fostered pups resembled their biological mothers more than their foster mothers.
9) In a study on human mate choice, researchers found that daughters choose mates who look
like their fathers. To determine whether they choose mates who are genetically similar, the mate
choices of adopted daughters were analyzed. Independent judges determined that adopted
daughters chose mates with facial similarities to their adoptive father. This influence of parental
image on mate choice could be considered a human example of
A) imprinting.
B) habituation.
C) pattern recognition.
D) a dominance hierarchy.
10) When you successfully study with the stereo on in the background, you are demonstrating
A) habituation.
B) imprinting.
C) associative learning.
D) conditioning.
11) You are told that the song of males among a particular songbird species has an innate
component but is also largely learned. Nestling males imprint on their father’s song and then sing
it themselves when they reach sexual maturity. Which of the following observations would lead
you to doubt this information?
A) A male chick reared in isolation but introduced as an older juvenile into an aviary containing
normal males of his species sings his species’ song.
B) A male chick who is reared in isolation but hears tape recordings of his species’ song grows
up to sing normally.
C) A male chick who is reared in isolation but hears tape recordings of a different species’ song
grows up to sing that species’ song.
D) A male chick fostered in the nest of a different species grows up to sing the song of its foster
species.
12) Which of the following behaviors is unlikely to involve imprinting?
A) A nestling male sparrow learns the “dialect” of song that is used in his native district.
B) A nestling male songbird raised in the nest of a different species grows up to sing the song of
his foster species.
C) A songbird that engages in solitary migration using star navigation returns each year to the
district where it was hatched.
D) A migrating mother gazelle leaves her calf hidden in grass while she feeds and always returns
to the correct patch of grass.
13) A male turkey that imprinted onto a human at hatching is transferred as an older juvenile to a
flock of “normal” turkeys. When this turkey reaches sexual maturity, he will probably try to
court
A) male, female, or immature turkeys indiscriminately.
B) immature male turkeys.
C) mature female turkeys.
D) humans.
14) A grayling butterfly will normally fly toward the sun. This is an example of
A) kinesis.
B) migration.
C) phototropism.
D) taxis.
15) After many hours of observation, Jennifer noticed that a squirrel in her backyard retreated up
a certain tree every time it was frightened. At the base of that tree was a wheelbarrow. Jennifer
wondered how the squirrel found the same tree each time. That night, she moved the
wheelbarrow to the base of another tree. The next day, the squirrel retreated up the new tree. This
experiment suggests that the squirrel was using
A) spatial learning.
B) imprinting.
C) habituation.
D) social learning.
16) Which of the following statements is false?
A) In examining proximate behavior in the octopus, scientists might look at behavior in close
relatives, like squid, to seek evidence for the kinds of behaviors demonstrated by ancestral
molluscs.
B) In examining ultimate behavior in bird territory defense, scientists might look at how the
surrounding environment has changed over time.
C) In examining proximate behavior in humans, scientists might examine how reproduction is
affected by endocrine disrupters.
D) In examining ultimate behavior in penguins, scientists might examine how melting artic ice
caps change feeding behavior over many generations.
17) In some social insects, there are individuals that do not mate or may not be fertile but help
look after other members of their group. Which statement regarding this situation is true?
A) There is no way that natural selection can act on the genes of nonreproducers since they do
not leave offspring.
B) The ultimate cause of this behavior is the need to keep their group safe.
C) By protecting relatives, the nonreproducers increase the probability that their genes will be
passed to the next generation.
D) Lack of mating is an agonistic behavior.
18) Squirrels seem to be able to figure out how to steal seeds from bird feeders no matter what
people do to try to stop them. One day, Jeremy put out a bird feeder with a new design, and sure
enough, by the end of the day the squirrels were snacking on the seeds. The squirrels most likely
figured out how to get the seeds through
A) trial-and-error learning.
B) the use of alarm calls.
C) imprinting.
D) spatial learning.
19) In England, at a time when milk was still delivered to doorsteps each morning in foil-capped
glass bottles, a songbird called the great tit started pecking through the caps and drinking the
cream in the necks of the bottles. This behavior spread through the great tit population in a
matter of years. The emergence and spread of this behavior probably depended on
A) trial-and-error learning plus habituation.
B) trial-and-error learning plus social learning.
C) trial-and-error learning plus imprinting.
D) habituation plus social learning.
20) Baby bobcats watched as their mother stalked a rabbit and pounced, catching a meal that was
shared by all. The next day, two of the young bobcats were seen stalking a field mouse, which
easily escaped from the inexperienced hunters. The young bobcats were learning how to hunt by
the process of
A) social learning.
B) imprinting.
C) habituation.
D) associative learning.
21) A big difference between social learning and imprinting is that
A) imprinting does not involve a reward.
B) imprinting can only take place among members of the same species.
C) social learning has a primarily genetic basis.
D) social learning is not limited to a sensitive period.
22) Several primates have been taught to communicate with humans using sign language. This
supports the view that animals other than humans can learn through the process of
A) social learning.
B) cognition.
C) trial-and-error learning.
D) imprinting.
23) You lose track of your friend in a store and start looking for her. Which of the following
strategies represents the use of a search image?
A) You ask a woman if she has seen anyone around this part of the store.
B) You think about what color clothing your friend is wearing and look for that color.
C) You go to the department in the store where your friend most likes to shop.
D) You return to the last place you saw your friend.
24) An insectivorous bird has the choice of eating (1) meadow beetles, which are abundant and
large but expose the bird to hawk predation, (2) under-a-rock beetles, which are large and fatty
but hard to obtain, or (3) under-a-leaf beetles, which are easy to obtain but small. The bird has
nestlings to feed. As an optimal forager, it will
A) concentrate on under-a-leaf beetles because they are easy and safe.
B) concentrate on under-a-rock beetles because they are energy-rich.
C) eat one kind of beetle at a time (first under-a-leaf, then meadow, then under-a-rock),
switching to a new kind when the old kind becomes scarce.
D) eat all three kinds of beetles, balancing the energy spent and the risks incurred against the
energy gained.
25) The sending of, reception of, and response to signals constitute animal
A) cost-benefit analysis.
B) communication.
C) problem solving.
D) associative learning.
26) Organisms that are nocturnal are more likely to communicate using
A) sight and sound.
B) sight and smell.
C) smell and sound.
D) touch and taste.
27) Based on von Frisch’s work on honeybee communication, which of the following types of
information is communicated to other workers by a honeybee’s “dance”?
A) the direction of the nectar source
B) the distance of the nectar source from the nearest water
C) the color of the flowers producing the nectar
D) the quality of the nectar
28) During the spring, male sage grouse gather in an open area and strut about, erecting their
feathers in a fanlike display. They also make booming sounds using their inflated air sacs. The
function of this dance is to
A) frighten off smaller birds from the territory.
B) select the showiest females and mate.
C) attract the attention of females.
D) imprint the younger male birds.
29) Which of the following is communicated by courtship displays?
A) The individuals are of the same species and of the opposite sex.
B) The male represents a threat to other males.
C) The individuals intend to hurt each other.
D) The individuals are of different species.
30) The need for intense parental care of offspring favors mating systems that are
A) polygamous.
B) diurnal.
C) monogamous.
D) promiscuous.
31) The certainty of paternity is greatest in organisms that
A) are promiscuous.
B) have extensive parental care.
C) use internal fertilization.
D) mate and lay eggs at the same time.
32) Endocrine disruptors on reproductive behavior affect behavior by
A) impairing the immune system.
B) mimicking a hormone or enhancing hormone activity.
C) increasing social behavior.
D) reinforcing mating rituals.
33) Which of the following terms broadly describes any kind of interaction between two or more
animals?
A) competition
B) dominance hierarchy
C) foraging behavior
D) social behavior
34) Territories are typically used for activities such as
A) feeding, mating, and rearing young.
B) migration and feeding.
C) identification of kin and rearing young.
D) feeding and identification of kin.
35) Which of the following situations represents an example of territorial behavior?
A) Digger wasps are able to recognize the pattern of landmarks around their nests.
B) Sow bugs become more active and move around randomly if they find themselves in a dry
area.
C) Gannets breed in dense colonies. Each gannet defends the area within the beak’s reach of its
nest, but gannets feeding at sea are indifferent to each other.
D) Troops of monkey species use well-defined, widely overlapping ranges. Troops avoid
encountering each other and are aggressive if they meet.
36) Which of the following is an example of agonistic behavior?
A) A dog raises its hackles, bares its teeth, and stands tall to appear threatening.
B) A honeybee does a waggle dance to indicate the direction of food.
C) A male ruffed grouse spreads its tail and beats its wings to attract a female.
D) Ants mark their trails by releasing pheromones.
37) Agonistic behavior
A) usually causes serious injury to one or both of the combatants.
B) increases the number of individuals who mate.
C) is typically used to determine access to food, mates, or territories.
D) is rare among vertebrates.
38) Pecking order in chickens is an example of
A) dominance hierarchy.
B) alpha order.
C) agonistic behavior.
D) mating behavior.
39) Which of the following situations could represent kin selection in action?
A) You help your friend with linguistics, and your friend helps you with biology.
B) You help your brother pay for his children’s college tuition, even though he may not be able
to pay you back.
C) When your mother gets old, you help her pay her property taxes.
D) You inexplicably forget to use birth control, and a child results.
40) From a sociobiological perspective, altruism is a behavior that
A) does not have a genetic basis.
B) has the potential to enhance the altruist’s fitness at a later point in time.
C) will always be selected against.
D) occurs only in the social insects.
41) Which of the following statements about chimpanzee behavior is true?
A) Only female chimpanzees are organized in a dominance hierarchy.
B) Alpha males assert their status by making plant stems into tools for food extraction.
C) Social primates do not show reconciliation or pacification-type behaviors.
D) Grooming behavior is crucial to maintaining relationships within chimpanzee groups.
42) Human social behavior appears to be
A) exclusively a product of our genes.
B) determined by the environment.
C) a product of our genes, external influences, and environment.
D) unrelated to genetics.
43) You unsuccessfully search your room for your math book. Your friend points out that it is on
the table in front of you. You overlooked it because it is orange, and you thought it was green.
This demonstrates a flaw in your
A) early imprinting.
B) social learning.
C) innate behavior.
D) search image.
44) Information on latitude and longitude is provided to migrating animals through
A) olfactory clues.
B) celestial observation.
C) magnetic information.
D) spatial learning.
35.2 Art Questions
1) What type of behavior is illustrated by the bird in this figure?
A) territoriality
B) mating behavior
C) fixed action pattern
D) foraging
2) Which of the following conclusions is supported by this graph?
A) Prey size does not affect the number of calories gained per second of handling time by
wagtails.
B) Wagtails get more calories per second of handling time with larger flies than with smaller
ones.
C) Wagtails get more calories per second of handling time with smaller flies than with larger
ones.
D) Wagtails get more calories per second of handling time with 7-mm flies than with either
larger or smaller ones.
35.3 Scenario Questions
After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
A researcher is investigating the ability of salmon to migrate thousands of miles in the ocean yet
return to the location where they were hatched to spawn. Data from experiments suggest that
more than one type of homing mechanism may be involved in this behavior. When salmon arrive
at a river mouth from the open sea, they appear to use olfactory cues to find their home streams,
but how do they find their way back to the correct spot along the coastline from the open ocean?
Several experiments were carried out to test the hypothesis that geomagnetic factors (the
influence of Earth’s magnetic field) play a key role in the ability of salmon to find the proper
location along the coast. In one such experiment, salmon hatched in Ketchikan, Alaska were
subjected to the geomagnetic characteristics of a different location on the Alaska Peninsula, Cold
Bay. The fish were then released to determine to which of the two locations they would return to
spawn.
1) If the salmon return to spawn at Cold Bay, the behavior involved is primarily ________, but if
they return to Ketchikan, the behavior is primarily ________.
A) proximate; ultimate
B) innate; learned
C) learned; innate
D) fixed; altruistic
2) What type of behavior would explain the ability of the salmon to return to their home streams?
A) imprinting
B) associative learning
C) social learning
D) habituation
After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
In examining the effects of atrazine, one of the most commonly used herbicides in the world,
scientists studied the mating behavior of male frogs exposed to atrazine (Atr) compared to a
group that was not exposed (Non). The results are shown in the figure.
3) Part B indicates that
A) atrazine is an endocrine disrupter.
B) trazine-treated males are more successful in mating than nontreated males.
C) there were fewer atrazine-treated males than nontreated males.
D) atrazine males are unable to mate.
4) The role of the nontreated males in this experiment is
A) to increase the sample size.
B) to act as controls.
C) to show that not all matings are successful.
D) to determine number of matings per frog.
5) The experiment in part A was important to the overall conclusions by demonstrating all of the
following except
A) all trials of the experiment had frogs of about the same size.
B) there is variation in body weight.
C) body size did not have an impact on successful mating.
D) frogs gain weight over time.
6) The experiment in part C adds to the conclusions by
A) giving evidence that all frogs in the experiments were male.
B) suggesting a possible explanation for the effect of atrazine.
C) showing that testosterone levels are lower in untreated frogs.
D) demonstrating a lack of relationship between successful mating and testosterone.