1. As a group, individuals with substance use disorders _________ hospital stays.
a. usually have longer
b. usually do not require very long
c. are 16 times as likely to require
d. are 9 times as likely to require
2. Intravenous drug abusers
a. rarely follow sterile injection procedures.
b. usually do not share needles with others.
c. rarely have a viral infection in their blood.
d. have different bacterial types on their skin than non-addicts.
3. Ifanintravenousdrugabusershouldattempttocleanthe“rig”byrinsingitoutwithtapwater
a. this can result in bacterial contamination of the needle since tap water is not sterile.
b. this will move the bacterial contaminants to the tip of the needle, making the next person to use that needle
more likely to become infected.
c. this will cause the most vulnerable bacteria to die by exposing them to the chlorine in the tap water, leaving
the more virulent strains behind to infect the next user.
d. the water itself will encourage the growth of microorganisms.
4. In the general population, ________ develop endocarditis.
a. 1 in 5,000
b. 1 in 6,000
c. 1 in 20,000
d. 1 in 18,000
5. The most common cause of community acquired pneumonia, Streptococcus pneumoniae, is spread by
a. thebody’sweakenedimmunesystem.
b. microscopic droplets of fluid from the lungs that spread when a person sneezes or coughs.
c. afailuretowashone’shandsaftershakinghandswithapersonwhohasbeeninfected.
d. cigarette smoking by the patient who contracts the infection.
6. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was first identified as a disease
a. in the early 1980s.
b. in the mid-1990s.
c. in the 1920s.
d. none of these answers. AIDS is not a disease.
7. Available evidence suggests that the virus that causes AIDS
a. was introduced into the population of homosexual males in the 1980s.
b. isavirusthat“jumped”fromananimalspeciesintohumans.
c. was a genetic mutation that resulted from germ warfare experiments.
d. is a single strain of virus.
8. Of the approximately 34 million people infected with the AIDS virus
a. about half are unaware.
b. two-thirds are dead.
c. two-thirds are homosexual males.
d. only one-third live in Africa.
9. In the United States ________ people become infected with HIV-1 each year .
a. 7,000
b. 50,000
c. 2.4 million
d. 11,000
10. Researchersbelievethat______oftheHIVparticlesfoundinaperson’sbodyareintheCD4cells.
a. 50-60 percent
b. 93-99 percent
c. 30-50 percent
d. virtually none
11. Within the course of 50 years, AIDS went from an obscure disease found only in isolated parts of Africa to
a. the 4th most common cause of death in Africa.
b. the 9th most common cause of death globally.
c. the most common infectious disease encountered by physicians today.
d. the 4th most common cause of death globally.
12. The“AIDSlatencyperiod”hasbeenfound
a. not to exist.
b. to last longer in those who do not abuse intravenous drugs.
c. to last longer in those who acquired the infection from a sexual partner who was infected, since intravenous
drug injection was not involved.
d. to be a gender-specific phenomenon.
13. It is believed that _______ of those who are infected with HIV in the U.S. are unaware of this fact.
a. 5 percent
b. 30 percent
c. 15 percent
d. 60 percent
14. In the United States, _________ of new HIV infections for men result from homosexual relations.
a. 17 percent
b. 80 percent
c. 50 percent
d. 70 percent
15. In the U.S., what percentage of women who become infected with HIV contracted the virus from heterosexual
relations with an infected partner?
a. 22 percent
b. 85 percent
c. 55 percent
d. 75 percent
16. Inthestageof“asymptomaticinfection”
a. it is impossible for the infected person to transmit the infection to another person.
b. viral transmission is only possible if intravenous needles are shared.
c. the infection is there, but can only be detected by appropriate blood tests.
d. itisstillpossiblefortheperson’sbodytofightofftheinfectionifhisorherimmunestatusisgood.
17. AIDS is defined when the CD4 cell count falls below
a. 1,200 cells per cubic milliliter of blood.
b. 400 cells per cubic milliliter of blood.
c. 300 cells per cubic milliliter of blood.
d. 200 cells per cubic milliliter of blood.
18. Tuberculosis (TB) is ________ more common in persons infected with HIV than in the general public.
a. 20 times
b. 100 times
c. 50 times
d. 10 times
19. The person infected with HIV will
a. live a normal lifespan if they adhere to prescribed antiviral medications.
b. lose about 15 years of potential life because of the infection, even with existing antiviral medications.
c. lose about 5 years of potential life because of the infection, even with existing antiviral medications.
d. have to take at least 80-90 percent of the prescribed antiviral drugs to achieve optimal viral suppression.
20. HIV infection results in an estimated ____________ in yearly earning potential.
a. $22,000 reduction
b. $12,000 reduction
c. $30,000 reduction
d. $15,000 reduction
21. In the past 500,000 years, tuberculosis is thought to have caused _______ premature deaths.
a. 50,000
b. 5 million
c. 100 million
d. 1 billion
22. Each person infected with TB will expose ____ additional people to the infection.
a. 1-5
b. 5-10
c. 10-15
d. 15-20
23. Ithasbeenestimatedthat_______oftheworld’spopulationiscurrentlyinfectedwithtuberculosis.
a. 10 percent
b. 33 percent
c. 5 percent
d. 40 percent
24. In the infected person, tuberculosis is found
a. in the lungs.
b. in oxygen-poor tissues since oxygen is a poison to bacteria.
c. most often in the lungs, but can be found virtually anywhere in the body.
d. in the central nervous system.
25. Tuberculosis is transmitted by
a. bacteria of the species M. tuberculosis that hitch a ride on microscopic droplets of moisture expelled from the
body of the infected person and inhaled by another person.
b. clothing once worn by an infected person, even after it is routinely cleaned.
c. exposure to residual fluids such as water or soda consumed by the infected person.
d. M. tuberculosis bacteria exposed to the ultraviolet light found in sunshine.
26. It has been estimated that 5 percent of new cases of tuberculosis
a. are the result of intravenous drug use.
b. are resistant to at least one antibiotic used to treat this disease.
c. are resistant to all antibiotics used to treat this disease.
d. are found in persons with circulatory problems.
27. Which of the following is true of hepatitis type A?
a. It is never transmitted by sharing intravenous needles.
b. Exposure to blood or other body fluids from an infected person is not a danger.
c. Five percent of cases in the U.S. involve the sharing of intravenous needles.
d. It can only infect the victim if he or she is also simultaneously exposed to the Hepatitis type D virus.
28. One potential consequence of HVA infection is
a. death in rare cases.
b. acute liver failure in about 25 percent of cases.
c. relapsing hepatitis in about 25 percent of cases.
d. hepatitis-related dementia in rare cases.
29. HVB is a
a. chronic, remitting disease that bothers the person for 6-8 months before it clears.
b. blood-borne disease.
c. virus that can infect the mother, but never the fetus as placental barriers exist to block the virus from reaching
the fetus.
d. virus known to cross the blood-brain-barrier and in extreme cases induce dementia.
30. Researchhasshownthat__________ofintravenousdrugabuserswillbeexposedtotheHepatitistype“B”virus
within a year of when they start injecting drugs.
a. 10-30 percent
b. 15-20 percent
c. 50-60 percent
d. 45-90 percent
31. ThevirusthatcausesHepatitistype“C”isthoughttobe
a. as infectious as the virus that causes AIDS.
b. one-tenth as infectious as the virus that causes AIDS.
c. 10 times as infectious as the virus that causes AIDS.
d. 10timesasinfectiousasthevirusthatcausesHepatitistype“B”infection.
32. In addition to being a blood-borne pathogen, the virus that causes HVB is also a
a. sexually-transmitted disease.
b. airborne pathogen.
c. food-borne pathogen.
d. co-infection that occurs with HVA 90 percent of the time.
33. Why is infectious disease such a common complication for people with a SUD?
34. ​DiscussthechainofHIVinfectionasitpertainstodruguse.
35. DiscussthesixstagesofatypicalHIVinfection​.
36. Discuss the relation between AIDS and neurocognitive dysfunction, including the classification system based upon
the range of deficit.
37. Discusssomeoftheformsofviralhepatitiscommonlyencountered​inthetreatmentofpeoplewithanSUD.