49. In the amniote egg diagram shown, the item labeled “2” is the
a.
yolk sac.
b.
chorion.
c.
allantois.
d.
amnion.
e.
albumin.
50. In the amniote egg diagram shown, the item labeled “3” is the
a.
yolk sac.
b.
chorion.
c.
allantois.
d.
amnion.
e.
albumin.
51. In the amniote egg diagram shown, the item labeled “4” is the
a.
yolk sac.
b.
chorion.
c.
allantois.
d.
amnion.
e.
albumin.
52. In the amniote egg diagram shown, the item labeled “5” is the
a.
yolk sac.
b.
chorion.
c.
allantois.
d.
amnion.
e.
albumin.
53. Turtles are thought to be living representatives of which of the following lineages?
a.
anapsids
b.
archosaurs
c.
lepidosaurs
d.
synapsids
e.
diapsids
54. Mammals are thought to be living descendants of which of the following lineages?
a.
anapsids
b.
archosaurs
c.
lepidosaurs
d.
synapsids
e.
diapsids
55. Crocodiles are living representatives of which of the following lineages?
a.
anapsids
b.
archosaurs
c.
lepidosaurs
d.
synapsids
e.
dinosaurs
56. Lizards and snakes are living representatives of which of the following lineages?
a.
anapsids
b.
archosaurs
c.
lepidosaurs
d.
synapsids
e.
dinosaurs
57. Based on modern understanding of physiology, DNA sequences, and the fossil record, which of the
following types of animals is most closely related to crocodiles?
a.
snakes
b.
birds
c.
fleshy-finned fishes
d.
lizards
e.
mammals
58. Turtles are members of which of the following lineages?
a.
Testudines
b.
Archosauromorpha
c.
Squamata
d.
Sphenodontia
e.
Amphibia
59. Turtles have all of the following except for
a.
a carapace.
b.
jaws.
c.
teeth.
d.
a plastron.
e.
a keratinized beak.
60. Which of the following is NOT a reason why many species of turtles are now highly endangered?
a.
Collection of young turtles for the pet trade.
b.
Hunting of turtles for their meat.
c.
Consumption of their eggs by humans.
d.
Consumption of their eggs by predators.
e.
Disease.
61. While it was a diverse group in the Mesozoic, the tuatara is one of only two living members of this
lineage.
a.
Testudines
b.
Archosauromorpha
c.
Squamata
d.
Sphenodontia
e.
Amphibia
62. Lizards and snakes are living members of this lineage.
a.
Testudines
b.
Archosauromorpha
c.
Squamata
d.
Sphenodontia
e.
Amphibia
63. American alligators are living members of this lineage.
a.
Testudines
b.
Archosauromorpha
c.
Squamata
d.
Sphenodontia
e.
Amphibia
64. Members of this genus are commonly used as model systems for studies of ecology and evolutionary
biology.
a.
Ichthyostega
b.
Anolis
c.
Dunkleosteus
d.
Eusthenopteron
e.
Archaeopteryx
65. Ecomorphs are
a.
not very closely related members of the same genus that appear very different from each
other and that live in very different habitats.
b.
closely related members of the same genus that appear very similar to each other although
they live in very different habitats.
c.
members of the same species that appear very similar to each other although they live in
very different habitats.
d.
not very closely related members of the same genus that nevertheless appear very similar
to each other and that live in very similar habitats.
e.
closely related members of the same genus that appear very similar to each other and that
live in very similar habitats.
66. Birds are living representatives of which of the following lineages?
a.
anapsids
b.
archosaurs
c.
lepidosaurs
d.
synapsids
e.
crocodilia
67. A four-chambered heart, hollow limb bones with supporting struts, and a keeled sternum are features
associated with most modern
a.
mammals.
b.
snakes.
c.
turtles.
d.
lizards.
e.
birds.
68. Which of the following is a unique, derived trait that is present in all birds?
a.
ability to fly
b.
four-chambered heart
c.
feathers
d.
lack of a urinary bladder
e.
migration
69. Which of the following mammalian lineages contains organisms that lay eggs?
a.
Strepsirhini
b.
monotremes
c.
Rodentia
d.
Haplorhini
e.
marsupials
70. Two species of spiny anteaters (echidnas) and the duck-billed platypus are the only known living
members of which of the following mammalian lineages?
a.
Strepsirhini
b.
monotremes
c.
Rodentia
d.
Haplorhini
e.
marsupials
71. The opossum and kangaroos are examples of living members of which of the following mammalian
lineages?
a.
Strepsirhini
b.
monotremes
c.
Rodentia
d.
Haplorhini
e.
marsupials
72. The majority of mammal species living today are ____, or placental mammals, including such diverse
groups as rodents, bats, whales, and primates.
a.
protherians
b.
therapsids
c.
anthropoids
d.
eutherians
e.
metatherians
73. Galagos, lemurs, and lorises are the living members of which of the following mammalian lineages?
a.
Strepsirhini
b.
monotremes
c.
Rodentia
d.
Haplorhini
e.
marsupials
74. Tarsiers, new world monkeys, old world monkeys, and apes are all living members of which of the
following mammalian lineages?
a.
Strepsirhini
b.
monotremes
c.
Rodentia
d.
Haplorhini
e.
marsupials
75. Which of these groups is most closely related to gorillas?
a.
old world monkeys
b.
lemurs
c.
lorises
d.
new world monkeys
e.
tarsiers
76. Which of these groups is most closely related to bonobos?
a.
tarsiers
b.
humans
c.
lorises
d.
gorillas
e.
new world monkeys
77. Based on the fossil record, which of these groups appeared first?
a.
chimpanzees
b.
humans
c.
new world monkeys
d.
gorillas
e.
old world monkeys
78. The pattern of locomotion used by gibbons and siamangs, where they use their arms to hang below
branches and swing forward, is called
a.
bipedal movement.
b.
peristalsis.
c.
gliding.
d.
brachiation.
e.
orthokinesis.
79. Which of these groups is most closely related to humans?
a.
gorillas
b.
new world monkeys
c.
orangutans
d.
old world monkeys
e.
chimpanzees
80. Which of these groups includes modern humans and their bipedal relatives but not gorillas?
a.
hominids
b.
primates
c.
Haplorhini
d.
hominoids
e.
arthropoids
81. Dating to about 3.5 million to 3 million years ago, the famous fossil “Lucy,” found in northern
Ethiopia, represents a member of which species?
a.
Homo habilis
b.
Homo erectus
c.
Australopithecus africanus
d.
Australopithecus afarensis
e.
Homo neanderthalensis
82. Based on the fossil record, which of the following groups evolved about 1.8 million years ago and
made fairly sophisticated tools, including the hand axe?
a.
Homo habilis
b.
Homo erectus
c.
Australopithecus africanus
d.
Australopithecus afarensis
e.
Homo neanderthalensis
83. This group occupied Europe and western Asia from about 150,000 to 28,000 years ago. They had a
heavier build, more pronounced brow ridges, and slightly larger brains than modern humans, and were
culturally and technologically sophisticated.
a.
Homo habilis
b.
Homo erectus
c.
Australopithecus africanus
d.
Australopithecus afarensis
e.
Homo neanderthalensis
84. Based on fossil evidence, which of the following existed the longest ago?
a.
Homo habilis
b.
Homo erectus
c.
Australopithecus africanus
d.
Australopithecus afarensis
e.
Homo neanderthalensis
85. Despite great diversity, vertebrates share features of which the following basic homeostatic
mechanisms across all lineages?
a.
Digestion
b.
Metabolism
c.
Respiration
d.
Digestion and metabolism
e.
Digestion, metabolism and respiration
86. Live-bearing reproduction, or viviparity, has apparently evolved
a.
just three separate times.
b.
about 200 separate times in vertebrates alone.
c.
only in mammals.
d.
only once, although many groups lost it secondarily.
e.
about 15 separate times.
651
MATCHING
Match each of the groups of organisms listed with the correct lineage. Each lineage will be used only
once.
a.
Petromyzontoidea
b.
Amphibia
c.
Crinoidea
d.
Metatheria
e.
Chondrichthyes
f.
Actinopterygii
g.
Urochordata
h.
Aves
i.
Myxinoidea
j.
Holothuroidea
k.
Cephalochordata
l.
Eutheria
m.
Ophiuroidea
n.
Testudines
o.
Squamata
p.
Asteroidea
q.
Protheria
r.
Echinoidea
s.
Hemichordata
87. tunicates
88. sea stars
89. sea lilies and feather stars
90. hagfishes
91. frogs and salamanders
92. humans
93. lancelets
94. sharks, skates, and rays
95. duck-billed platypuses
96. lampreys
97. sea urchins and sand dollars
98. gars, bowfins, sturgeons, and paddlefish
99. brittle stars and basket stars
100. turtles
101. sea cucumbers
102. lizards and snakes
103. acorn worms
104. kangaroos
105. birds
SHORT ANSWER
106. How are echinoderms uniquely different than other protostomes?
107. How is neural crest different than endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm?
108. Why do vertebrates have more individual Hox genes than most invertebrates, and what is the general
significance?
109. Why is the absence of bone in Chondrichthyes considered a derived trait?
110. It is easy to recognize a turtle as a turtle, but why has it been difficult to categorize them
taxonomically?