CHAPTER 32—DEUTEROSTOMES: VERTEBRATES AND THEIR CLOSEST
RELATIVES
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The duck-billed platypus shares which of the following traits with non-mammalian animals?
a.
teeth.
b.
lack of cloaca.
c.
laying eggs.
d.
hair.
e.
females produce mile.
2. Deuterostomia is a ____ lineage of animals that dates to the ____.
a.
polyphyletic; Mesozoic
b.
paraphyletic; Cenozoic
c.
monophyletic; Paleozoic
d.
paraphyletic; Paleozoic
e.
polyphyletic; Cenozoic
3. Members of the phylum ____ have bilaterally symmetrical larvae but exhibit secondary radial
symmetry as adults, usually organized around five rays, or “arms.”
a.
Hemichordata
b.
Echinodermata
c.
Cnidaria
d.
Arthropoda
e.
Chordata
4. Which of the following phyla has a unique water vascular system that usually includes tube feet that
can be used for movement?
a.
Hemichordata
b.
Echinodermata
c.
Cnidaria
d.
Arthropoda
e.
Chordata
5. The internal skeleton of echinoderms is made of calcium-stiffened ____ that develop from mesoderm.
a.
ampullae
b.
ossicles
c.
radial canals
d.
ring canals
e.
madreporites
6. The water vascular system in echinoderms is used for locomotion, water enters the water vascular
system of a sea star through a structure called the
a.
ampulla.
b.
ossicle.
c.
radial canal.
d.
ring canal.
e.
madreporite.
7. A tube foot of a sea star moves when the small muscular bulb called the ____ contracts, forcing fluid
into the tube foot.
a.
ampulla
b.
ossicle
c.
radial canal
d.
ring canal
e.
madreporite
8. This lineage of Echinoderms are sea stars, each with a central disk surrounded by 5 to 20 “arms.”
a.
Echinoidea
b.
Ophiuroidea
c.
Crinoidea
d.
Holothuroidea
e.
Asteroidea
9. This lineage of Echinoderms is made up of brittle stars and basket stars, each with elongated, slender,
somewhat snakelike arms surrounding a well-defined central disk.
a.
Echinoidea
b.
Ophiuroidea
c.
Crinoidea
d.
Holothuroidea
e.
Asteroidea
10. This lineage of Echinoderms is made up of sea urchins and sand dollars, which have their ossicles
fused into solid tests that restrict flexibility but provide excellent protection.
a.
Echinoidea
b.
Ophiuroidea
c.
Crinoidea
d.
Holothuroidea
e.
Asteroidea
11. This lineage of Echinoderms is made up of sea cucumbers, which are elongated along their oral-aboral
axis and have a well-developed circulatory system.
a.
Echinoidea
b.
Ophiuroidea
c.
Crinoidea
d.
Holothuroidea
e.
Asteroidea
12. This lineage of Echinoderms is made up of sea lilies and feather stars, although the group was much
more diverse and abundant 500 million years ago. Adult feather stars can swim or crawl, while adult
sea lilies are sessile, with their central disk attached to a stalk.
a.
Echinoidea
b.
Ophiuroidea
c.
Crinoidea
d.
Holothuroidea
e.
Asteroidea
13. Members of the phylum ____ are called acorn worms. They use their mucus-coated proboscis to
construct U-shaped burrows to trap food particles, and also trap food from water passed through gill
slits in their pharynx.
a.
Hemichordata
b.
Echinodermata
c.
Cnidaria
d.
Arthropoda
e.
Chordata
14. Members of the phylum ____ all have at some point during development a hollow dorsal nerve cord, a
perforated pharynx, a notochord, and segmented muscles in both the body wall and postanal tail.
a.
Hemichordata
b.
Echinodermata
c.
Cnidaria
d.
Arthropoda
e.
Chordata
15. Which of the following forms the skeleton of invertebrate chordates?
a.
pharynx
b.
neural crest
c.
oral hood
d.
notochord
e.
cranium
16. Which of the following is the part of the chordate digestive system just posterior to the mouth?
a.
pharynx
b.
neural crest
c.
oral hood
d.
notochord
e.
cranium
17. Members of one major class of the lineage ____ are called tunicates or sea squirts. They have
tadpolelike larvae, but their sessile adult form is usually encased in a leathery “tunic.”
a.
Petromyzontoidea
b.
Placodermi
c.
Cephalochordata
d.
Urochordata
e.
Myxinoidea
18. Members of the lineage ____ are called lancelets. As adults they live mostly buried in the sand in
warm, shallow marine habitats, but they do have well-developed segmented muscles and can move.
a.
Petromyzontoidea
b.
Placodermi
c.
Cephalochordata
d.
Urochordata
e.
Myxinoidea
19. Which of the following surrounds and protects the brain in all vertebrates?
a.
pharynx
b.
neural crest
c.
oral hood
d.
notochord
e.
cranium
20. Which of the following is a cell type unique to vertebrates, and distinct from endoderm, mesoderm,
and ectoderm?
a.
pharyngeal
b.
neural crest
c.
oral hood
d.
notochordal
e.
cranial
21. Among the following lineages, which has the largest number of Hox genes when all Hox gene clusters
are taken into account?
a.
cnidarians
b.
cephalochordates
c.
vertebrates
d.
arthropods
e.
eurochordates
22. Which of the following is NOT considered to be a key derived morphological innovation within the
vertebrate lineage?
a.
neural crest cells
b.
notochord
c.
bone
d.
vertebrae
e.
cranium
23. Which of the following lineages contains all of the rest of the lineages in the list?
a.
Gnathostomata
b.
Vertebrata
c.
Amniota
d.
Tetrapoda
e.
Myxinoidea
24. Living members of the lineage ____ are jawless vertebrates called hagfishes. They have only a
cranium and a notochord for their axial skeleton, with no signs of vertebrae.
a.
Petromyzontoidea
b.
Placodermi
c.
Cephalochordata
d.
Urochordata
e.
Myxinoidea
25. Living members of the lineage ____ are jawless vertebrates called lampreys, which are mostly
parasitic as adults. They have shards of cartilage that partially cover the nerve cord, which may
represent an early stage of the evolution of vertebrae.
a.
Petromyzontoidea
b.
Placodermi
c.
Cephalochordata
d.
Urochordata
e.
Myxinoidea
26. Now extinct, tooth parts of ____ are abundant as fossils dating from the early Paleozoic to the early
Mesozoic era. These jawless fishes are considered to be the earliest vertebrates with bonelike
structures.
a.
acanthodians
b.
conodonts
c.
osteolepiforms
d.
placoderms
e.
ostracoderms
27. Now extinct, several lineages of ____ appear in the fossil record from the Ordovician through the
Devonian periods. These jawless fishes had skin heavily armored with bony plates and scales, and
imprints of some of their fossils indicate that their brains had three regions.
a.
acanthodians
b.
conodonts
c.
osteolepiforms
d.
placoderms
e.
ostracoderms
28. A key trait that distinguishes gnathostomes from other chordate lineages is the presence of
a.
bony scales.
b.
claspers.
c.
jaws.
d.
the operculum.
e.
keratin.
29. Now extinct, ____ appear in the fossil record from the late Ordovician through the Permian periods.
These jawed fishes, also called spiny sharks, had streamlined bodies, large jaws, and numerous teeth.
a.
acanthodians
b.
conodonts
c.
osteolepiforms
d.
placoderms
e.
ostracoderms
30. The fossil record shows that the jawed fishes called ____ diversified in the Devonian and
Carboniferous periods, but they left no direct descendants. Their heads were covered with large, heavy
plates of bone, and their jaws had sharp cutting edges.
a.
acanthodians
b.
conodonts
c.
osteolepiforms
d.
placoderms
e.
ostracoderms
31. Living members of the lineage ____ include the sharks, skates, and rays. They all have skeletons made
entirely of cartilage.
a.
Petromyzontoidea
b.
Chondrichthyes
c.
Actinopterygii
d.
Myxinoidea
e.
Sarcopterygii
32. Squalene, spiral valve, electroreceptors, lateral-line system, and claspers are all adaptations associated
with living members of which lineage?
a.
Petromyzontoidea
b.
Chondrichthyes
c.
Actinopterygii
d.
Myxinoidea
e.
Sarcopterygii
33. Living members of the lineage ____ are the ray-finned fishes, with fins supported by thin and flexible
bony rays. This lineage includes over 95 percent of the living species of fishes.
a.
Petromyzontoidea
b.
Chondrichthyes
c.
Actinopterygii
d.
Myxinoidea
e.
Sarcopterygii
34. Which of these structures is derived from an ancestral air-breathing lung in ray-finned fishes and is
used to increase buoyancy?
a.
swim bladder
b.
spiral valve
c.
operculum
d.
atrium
e.
lateral-line system
35. Which of these structures is a covering for the gill chamber in ray-finned fishes?
a.
swim bladder
b.
spiral valve
c.
operculum
d.
atrium
e.
lateral-line system
36. Two extant species of coelacanths and six species of lungfish are members of which lineage?
a.
Petromyzontoidea
b.
Chondrichthyes
c.
Actinopterygii
d.
Myxinoidea
e.
Sarcopterygii
37. The lineage ____ are the fleshy-finned fishes, with fins supported by muscles and an internal bony
skeleton. Based on the fossil record, tetrapods apparently arose from this group.
a.
Petromyzontoidea
b.
Chondrichthyes
c.
Actinopterygii
d.
Myxinoidea
e.
Sarcopterygii
38. The lineage ____ shared several derived traits with early tetrapods, such as the shapes and positions of
bones in their appendages, and apparently gave rise to the tetrapods.
a.
acanthodians
b.
conodonts
c.
osteolepiforms
d.
placoderms
e.
ostracoderms
39. Nearly complete skeletal data is available from fossils of ____, an early tetrapod that differed from
fishes in part by having a neck.
a.
Ichthyostega
b.
Anolis
c.
Dunkleosteus
d.
Eusthenopteron
e.
Archaeopteryx
40. The tympanum and stapes are used in tetrapods for
a.
seeing.
b.
hearing.
c.
heat-sensing.
d.
tasting.
e.
smelling.
41. The lineages Anura, Caudata, and Gymnophiona are all part of which of the following group?
a.
Testudines
b.
Archosauromorpha
c.
Squamata
d.
Sphenodontia
e.
Amphibia
42. Frogs and toads belong to which of the following lineages?
a.
Caudata
b.
Aves
c.
Squamata
d.
Gymnophiona
e.
Anura
43. Salamanders belong to which of the following lineages?
a.
Caudata
b.
Aves
c.
Squamata
d.
Gymnophiona
e.
Anura
44. Legless caecilians belong to which of the following lineages?
a.
Caudata
b.
Aves
c.
Squamata
d.
Gymnophiona
e.
Anura
45. Along with lipids, the skin of amniotes is filled with ____ to help prevent water loss.
a.
squalene
b.
bone
c.
keratin
d.
collagen
e.
albumin
46. Which of the following is a typical source of nutrients and water for developing amniote embryos?
a.
squalene
b.
bone
c.
keratin
d.
collagen
e.
albumin
47. Which of the following is a waste product of nitrogen metabolism in some amniotes that is low enough
in toxicity that it can thus be excreted as a semisolid paste, reducing water loss?
a.
nitric oxide
b.
uric acid
c.
squalene
d.
urea
e.
ammonium
Use the figure above for the following question(s).
48. In the amniote egg diagram shown, the item labeled “1” is the
a.
yolk sac.
b.
chorion.
c.
allantois.
d.
amnion.
e.
albumin.