Campbell Biology: Concepts and Connections, 8e (Reece et al.)
Chapter 31 Plant Structure, Growth, and Reproduction
31.1 Multiple-Choice Questions
1) The tallest plant on Earth is
A) a 500-foot kelp living off the coast of California.
B) a 379-foot redwood tree in California.
C) a 740-foot white oak tree in Illinois.
D) a giant seed fern in southern Peru.
2) What event that occurred around 10,000 years ago led to genetic changes in many of the
plants we are most familiar with?
A) the beginning of agriculture
B) the domestication of animals
C) the invention of genetic engineering
D) the mass extinction of herbivores
3) Most angiosperms are dicots, and most dicots are
A) cycads.
B) gymnosperms.
C) eudicots.
D) mosses.
4) Monocot floral parts usually occur in multiples of
A) five.
B) four.
C) two.
D) three.
5) Which of the following is a characteristic of eudicots?
A) parallel leaf venation
B) vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem
C) a flower with six petals
D) a taproot system
6) Which of the following statements is false?
A) Stems and leaves depend on the water and minerals absorbed by the roots.
B) Roots depend upon sugars produced in photosynthetic organs such as leaves.
C) Plant root hairs help to absorb carbon dioxide from the soil.
D) The shoot system of a plant consists of the stems, leaves, and adaptations for reproduction.
7) What is the node of a plant stem?
A) the point of leaf attachment
B) the point of apical dominance
C) the area between the shoots and the roots
D) a small pore where gases are exchanged
8) Removing the terminal bud of a plant that shows apical dominance will cause
A) an increase in the growth of the root system.
B) increased growth of the terminal bud.
C) increased growth of the axillary buds.
D) an immediate flowering of the plant.
9) The chief function of root hairs is to
A) decrease the anchoring power of roots.
B) increase the surface area for absorption of water and minerals.
C) provide a direct passageway from the soil to the vascular cylinder.
D) provide a home for symbiotic bacteria.
10) A plant stem modified for storage of food such as starch is called a
A) bulb.
B) tuber.
C) taproot.
D) runner.
11) Which of the following statements is false?
A) Stalks of celery are the petioles of the plant.
B) White potatoes are modified plant roots.
C) A carrot is an example of a taproot.
D) The layers of an onion are actually modified leaves.
12) Which of the following plant cells or tissues help regulate the movement of carbon dioxide
into and out of a leaf?
A) guard cells
B) root hairs
C) sieve tubes
D) xylem
13) The cells that store starch in dicot roots are located between the
A) xylem and the phloem.
B) epidermis and the root hairs.
C) epidermis and the vascular cylinder.
D) epidermis and the cortex.
14) In general, plant dermal tissues are found
A) at the outer surface of a plant.
B) near the center of the plant stems and roots.
C) lining the vascular tissue.
D) throughout the plant body.
15) Which of the following statements is false?
A) The ground tissue system of a leaf is called the mesophyll.
B) Each vein in a leaf is composed of either xylem or phloem, but not both.
C) The pith of a stem is often important in food storage.
D) Tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular are known as the ground tissue system.
16) Which of the following structures is found in both plant and animal cells?
A) chloroplasts
B) mitochondria
C) a large central vacuole containing fluid
D) cell wall surrounding the plasma membrane
17) Sieve-tube elements are plant cells that are part of a plant tissue called
A) xylem.
B) tracheids.
C) phloem.
D) sclereids.
18) Which type of vascular tissue cell in a plant is dead at maturity?
A) vessel elements
B) companion cells
C) sieve-tube cells
D) parenchyma cells
19) Which of the following substances, by providing strength, allows sclerenchyma cells to
provide support and play a role analogous to that of an animal’s skeleton?
A) lignin
B) sucrose
C) starch
D) chlorophyll
20) Photosynthesis occurs in which type of plant tissue?
A) parenchyma
B) vascular cambium
C) epidermal tissue
D) collenchyma
21) Which of the following is a function of tracheids?
A) food storage
B) photosynthesis
C) production of sex cells
D) water conduction
22) Which of the following cells provide flexible support to the growing parts of plants?
A) collenchyma cells
B) sieve-tube elements
C) sclerenchyma cells
D) parenchyma cells
23) New growth that increases stem length on a plant arises mainly from
A) the base of the stem.
B) apical meristems.
C) the tips of leaves.
D) the vascular cambium.
24) The growth that pushes a root down through the soil takes place through
A) cell elongation at the tip of the root cap.
B) cell division in the apical meristem.
C) cell elongation behind the root tip.
D) differentiation of xylem cells in the apical meristem.
25) If you carve your initials in the trunk of a tree, will they move up as the tree grows?
A) Yes. A tree elongates from the ground up.
B) Yes. Secondary growth will cause them to move up.
C) No. Elongation occurs just below the tips of growing stems in the apical meristems.
D) Yes. Growth continues in all parts of a plant throughout its life.
26) The three tissue systems of a mature plant root complete their development in the root zone
of
A) elongation.
B) cell division.
C) differentiation.
D) vascularization.
27) Most trees and shrubs continue to grow year after year. Such plants are known as
A) biennials.
B) perennials.
C) annuals.
D) superannuals.
28) The increase in girth associated with production of wood and bark in trees occurs as a
consequence of
A) primary growth.
B) secondary growth.
C) growth in apical meristems.
D) indeterminate growth.
29) Bark consists of
A) functioning xylem, secondary phloem, cork cambium, and cork.
B) secondary phloem, cork cambium, and cork.
C) cork cambium and cork.
D) cork only.
30) A vascular cambium cell divides to produce an inner and an outer daughter cell. Which of
the following represents the probable fate of these cells?
A) Both cells continue to divide to produce wood.
B) The inner cell will differentiate into xylem, and the outer cell will divide again.
C) The inner cell will differentiate into phloem, and the outer cell will differentiate into xylem.
D) Both cells will continue to divide without differentiating into specialized cells.
31) A woody plant lives through five years of drought, followed by five years of good growing
conditions. The ring of xylem cells formed during the five good years will
A) be thicker than those formed during the drought years.
B) be living, whereas those formed during the drought years will be dead.
C) be thinner than those formed during the drought years.
D) conduct a higher ratio of sugar to water than those formed during the drought years.
32) How many layers of vascular cambium will there be in the trunk of a 10-year-old tree?
A) one
B) two
C) ten
D) thousands
33) What is the difference between the heartwood and sapwood of a tree?
A) Heartwood contains xylem, and sapwood contains phloem.
B) Sapwood contains xylem, and heartwood contains phloem.
C) Heartwood no longer transports water and minerals, and sapwood still conducts xylem sap.
D) Heartwood contains old phloem that no longer functions, and sapwood contains functioning
phloem.
34) The male organ of a flower is the
A) style.
B) stamen.
C) sepal.
D) carpel.
35) In a showy flower such as a magnolia or rose, the flower parts that play the main role in
attracting the notice of animal pollinators are the
A) petals.
B) sepals.
C) fruits.
D) stigmas.
36) Before it opens up into full blossom, the outer green layer of a rosebud consists of the
leaflike
A) sepals.
B) stamen.
C) ovary.
D) petals.
37) Flowers bear seeds that develop from ovules housed in protective chambers called
A) stamens.
B) sepals.
C) ovaries.
D) antheridia.
38) How many chromosomes are there in a maize egg cell nucleus as compared to a maize pollen
cell nucleus?
A) half as many
B) twice as many
C) the same number
D) half as many or the same number, depending on whether the pollen cell has divided to
produce sperm or not
39) In a flowering plant, the cells that give rise to sperm undergo meiosis in the
A) ovaries.
B) sepals.
C) anthers.
D) stigma.
40) Which of the following flower parts produces female gametophytes?
A) anthers
B) ovules
C) stigmas
D) sepals
41) How does the sperm of an angiosperm reach the egg?
A) via the pollen tube that grows from the pollen grain through the carpel tissues to the ovule
B) via the pollen tube that grows from the ovule to reach the pollen grain on the stigma
C) usually via an insect, which places sperm in the ovary while probing for nectar
D) by actively swimming down through the style to the egg
42) In angiosperms, the process of ________ ensures that the endosperm will develop only in
ovules containing a fertilized egg.
A) cytogenesis
B) meiosis
C) double fertilization
D) cytokinesis
43) A seed develops from a(n)
A) pollen grain.
B) fruit.
C) ovary.
D) ovule.
44) The “halves” of an individual peanut, which represent its cotyledons, develop from the
fertilized zygote and are composed of
A) triploid endosperm cells.
B) haploid endosperm cells.
C) diploid embryo sporophyte cells.
D) diploid maternal sporophyte cells.
45) How many chromosomes are there in a maize embryo cell nucleus as compared to a maize
endosperm cell nucleus?
A) half as many
B) two-thirds as many
C) the same number
D) twice as many
46) While cleaning out the attic, you find a packet of seeds that your grandmother gathered from
her garden. You plant them outside, and some of them sprout. What was the condition of these
germinating seeds while they were in the attic?
A) The endosperm cells were dead; the embryo cells were alive but inactive.
B) They were dead, but the embryo cells revived in response to water.
C) They were alive and very metabolically active.
D) They were alive but dormant.
47) Which of the following is a function of fruits?
A) production of food for the developing embryo
B) pollen dispersal
C) seed dispersal
D) attracting pollinators
48) A mature ovary, specialized as a vessel that houses and protects seeds, is a
A) fruit.
B) ovule.
C) cotyledon.
D) seed coat.
49) Which of the following structures is the first to emerge from the germinating seed of a
eudicot such as the garden bean?
A) the embryonic shoot hook
B) cotyledons
C) the embryonic root
D) the shoot sheath
50) Which of the following statements about germination is false?
A) The germination of a seed represents the beginning of life.
B) Germination usually begins when a seed takes up water.
C) A hydrated seed expands, rupturing its seed coat.
D) Germination usually takes place after a period of dormancy.
51) What happens to the cotyledons of pea and maize seeds?
A) They remain in the soil and decompose.
B) They form a protective sheath around the developing root system.
C) They surround the base of the shoot to provide additional strength.
D) They immediately begin to use the sun’s energy in photosynthesis.
52) Which of the following plant parts commonly contributes to asexual reproduction?
A) seeds
B) roots
C) flowers
D) fruits