53. Members of the lineage ____ are commonly called chitons. They have a dorsal shell divided into eight
plates that allow it to conform to irregularly shaped surfaces.
a.
Cephalopoda
b.
Polyplacophora
c.
Bivalvia
d.
Gastropoda
e.
Scaphopoda
54. Members of the lineage ____ include slugs and snails. Most have a shell, but some have no shell. Most
undergo torsion during development, a twisting of their visceral mass that leads to placement of their
anus practically over their heads.
a.
Cephalopoda
b.
Polyplacophora
c.
Bivalvia
d.
Gastropoda
e.
Scaphopoda
55. Members of the lineage ____ have a pair of shells that are hinged together. They close the shells
together by contraction of one or two adductor muscles.
a.
Cephalopoda
b.
Polyplacophora
c.
Bivalvia
d.
Gastropoda
e.
Scaphopoda
56. Members of the lineage ____ include octopuses, squids, and nautiluses. Their fused head-foot body
has the “foot” modified into a set of arms and tentacles.
a.
Cephalopoda
b.
Polyplacophora
c.
Bivalvia
d.
Gastropoda
e.
Scaphopoda
57. Members of this lineage are highly active, have a closed circulatory system, and have a high oxygen
requirement.
a.
Cephalopoda
b.
Polyplacophora
c.
Bivalvia
d.
Gastropoda
e.
Scaphopoda
58. Members of this Lophotrochozoan phylum have highly segmented bodies, with many repeating units
that are usually separated by transverse partitions called septa.
a.
Rotifera
b.
Mollusca
c.
Platyhelminthes
d.
Annelida
e.
Nemertea
59. Members of this Lophotrochozoan phylum include earthworms, bristle worms, and leeches.
a.
Rotifera
b.
Mollusca
c.
Platyhelminthes
d.
Annelida
e.
Nemetera
60. Paired excretory organs found in most body segments of segmented worms are called
a.
metanephridia.
b.
parapodia.
c.
septa.
d.
clitella.
e.
setae.
61. Chitin-reinforced bristles that protrude outward from the body wall and are used by most segmented
worms to anchor themselves against a substrate are called
a.
metanephridia.
b.
parapodia.
c.
septa.
d.
clitella.
e.
setae.
62. Paired, fleshy extensions of the body wall in bristle worms that are used for locomotion and gas
exchange are called
a.
metanephridia.
b.
parapodia.
c.
septa.
d.
clitella.
e.
setae.
63. Members of the lineage ____ are found primarily in marine environments. Called bristle worms, they
characteristically have parapodia.
a.
Hirudinea
b.
Polychaeta
c.
Monogenoidea
d.
Cestoda
e.
Oligochaeta
64. Most members of the lineage ____ are terrestrial earthworms.
a.
Hirudinea
b.
Polychaeta
c.
Monogenoidea
d.
Cestoda
e.
Oligochaeta
65. Members of the lineage ____ are mostly freshwater parasites. Called leeches, they are dorsoventrally
flattened and do not have septa.
a.
Hirudinea
b.
Polychaeta
c.
Monogenoidea
d.
Cestoda
e.
Oligochaeta
66. Members of this lineage of flatworms are endoparasites of vertebrates. Some, called blood flukes,
cause an often deadly disease in humans called schistosomiasis.
a.
Trematoda
b.
Turbellaria
c.
Polychaeta
d.
Cestoda
e.
Hirudinea
67. A blood fluke infection is most likely to be found in persons who
a.
eat undercooked beef.
b.
walk barefoot in a rice field.
c.
eat undercooked pork.
d.
are bitten by mosquitoes.
e.
eat undercooked fish.
68. The disease trichinosis is most commonly found in persons who
a.
eat undercooked beef.
b.
walk barefoot in a rice field.
c.
eat undercooked pork.
d.
are bitten by mosquitoes.
e.
eat undercooked fish.
69. Tapeworms are most commonly found in persons who
a.
eat undercooked rice.
b.
walk barefoot in a rice field.
c.
eat undercooked pork.
d.
are bitten by mosquitoes.
e.
are bitten by ticks.
70. The disease caused by Wuchereria bancrofti is most commonly found in persons who
a.
eat undercooked beef.
b.
walk barefoot in a rice field.
c.
eat undercooked pork.
d.
are bitten by mosquitoes.
e.
eat undercooked fish.
71. Members of this Ecdysozoan phylum are so plentiful in soil and other places that they may be the most
abundant animals on Earth. Commonly called roundworms, it is estimated that more than half a
million living species of them exist, although only about 80,000 have been described.
a.
Arthropoda
b.
Onychophora
c.
Nemertea
d.
Annelida
e.
Nematoda
72. Members of this Ecdysozoan phylum include many important decomposers, but also many damaging
parasites. Many parasitize the roots of plants, while others cause disease in animals. More than 1
billion people worldwide are estimated to be infected by members of this group such as pinworms,
trichinas, and filarial worms.
a.
Arthropoda
b.
Onychophora
c.
Nemertea
d.
Annelida
e.
Nematoda
73. Only 100 living species are known in this Ecdysozoan phylum. Called velvet worms, they have jaws,
an open circulatory system, and relatively large brains.
a.
Arthropoda
b.
Onychophora
c.
Nemertea
d.
Annelida
e.
Nematoda
74. This Ecdysozoan phylum contains more than half of the known animal species.
a.
Arthropoda
b.
Onychophora
c.
Nemertea
d.
Annelida
e.
Nematoda
75. Members of this Ecdysozoan phylum have a segmented body encased in a rigid exoskeleton made of
chitin plus other materials. Their phylum name means “jointed feet.”
a.
Arthropoda
b.
Onychophora
c.
Nemertea
d.
Annelida
e.
Nematoda
76. Members of this Ecdysozoan phylum include insects, spiders, crustaceans, millipedes, and centipedes.
a.
Arthropoda
b.
Onychophora
c.
Nemertea
d.
Annelida
e.
Nematoda
77. Members of this subphylum are now all extinct, but they were extremely numerous in shallow
Paleozoic seas. Most of them were dorsoventrally flattened and heavily armored, with two deep
longitudinal grooves that gave their body a three-lobed appearance.
a.
Myriapoda
b.
Trilobita
c.
Chelicerata
d.
Hexapoda
e.
Crustacea
78. Members of the subphylum include spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions, and horseshoe crabs. Their first
pair of appendages are fanglike structures used for biting prey, and their second pair of appendages,
called pedipalps, are used for many different activities.
a.
Myriapoda
b.
Trilobita
c.
Chelicerata
d.
Hexapoda
e.
Crustacea
79. Members of the subphylum include shrimp, lobsters, and crabs. They generally have five pairs of
appendages on their heads: two pairs of antennae and three pairs of mouthparts, including mandibles.
a.
Myriapoda
b.
Trilobita
c.
Chelicerata
d.
Hexapoda
e.
Crustacea
80. Members of the subphylum are the centipedes and millipedes. They have two body regions, a head
with one pair of antennae and a segmented trunk with one or two pairs of legs per segment.
a.
Myriapoda
b.
Trilobita
c.
Chelicerata
d.
Hexapoda
e.
Crustacea
81. Members of the subphylum ____ were among the first animals to colonize terrestrial habitats and are
mostly insects.
a.
Myriapoda
b.
Trilobita
c.
Chelicerata
d.
Hexapoda
e.
Crustacea
82. The members of this subphylum have a three-part body plan: a head, thorax, and abdomen. Among
other structures, their head has one pair of antennae and a pair of mandibles, and their thorax has three
pairs of walking legs and often one or two pairs of wings.
a.
Myriapoda
b.
Trilobita
c.
Chelicerata
d.
Hexapoda
e.
Crustacea
83. A Malpighian tubule is
a.
a rasping tongue with chitinous teeth.
b.
a muscular sac used for extending tube feet in echinoderms.
c.
a filamentous projection of the mantle.
d.
a specialized tube in some arthropods used for waste processing.
e.
an abdominal appendage in some arthropods that secretes silk.
84. Which of the following do not undergo a dramatic change in form as they grow?
a.
Silverfish.
b.
Dragonflies.
c.
Fleas.
d.
Crane flies.
e.
Luna moths.
85. An insect whose larval form and adult form occupy different habitats and consume different food
probably undergoes _______ metamorphosis.
a.
no
b.
incomplete
c.
complete
d.
pupal
e.
instar
86. The organism Caenorhabditis elegans, a member of the phylum ____, is an important model organism
for studies of the genetic control of development.
a.
Arthropoda
b.
Onychophora
c.
Nemertea
d.
Annelida
e.
Nematoda
87. Which of the following statements about Caenorhabditis elegans is FALSE?
a.
It is asexual.
b.
It is anatomically simple.
c.
It has a fixed cell number.
d.
Specimens do not have to be killed to be studied.
e.
It completes its life cycle in three days.
88. According to modern phylogeny, based on such data as the arrangement of genes in mitochondrial
DNA and the sequences of ribosomal RNA genes, hexapods are most closely related to which of the
following groups?
a.
trilobites
b.
myriapods
c.
crustaceans
d.
annelids
e.
chelicerates
89. Comparisons of genetic information from various invertebrate groups has
a.
confirmed nearly all classifications that were based on phenotypic resemblances.
b.
provided a complete and final picture of animal phylogeny.
c.
led to a decision to forgo formal classification of animals, as animal relationships are too
complex to determine.
d.
led to a reworking of the classification of animals that is still being refined.
e.
confirmed that some invertebrates should be classified as vertebrates.
90. Research into the genetics of invertebrates
a.
is mostly complete, and is considered by most biologists to be a field of the past.
b.
holds the promise to address many important basic and applied research questions that
could have profound positive effects on human health.
c.
should be largely abandoned in favor of research into the genetics of vertebrates, since
findings in invertebrates have little chance of making a difference for humans.
d.
is at an early stage, as genetic research in the past has almost exclusively been centered on
vertebrate animals and bacteria.
e.
has led biologists to largely abandon hope of understanding animal development due to the
complexity of developmental processes.
629
MATCHING
Match each of the groups of organisms listed with the correct phylum. Each phylum will be used only
once.
a.
Annelida
b.
Arthropoda
c.
Cnidaria
d.
Ctenophora
e.
Mollusca
f.
Nematoda
g.
Nemertea
h.
Onychophora
i.
Platyhelminthes
j.
Porifera
91. ribbon worms
92. spiders, insects, shrimp, and crabs
93. comb jellies
94. velvet worms
95. sponges
96. chitons, snails, slugs, and scallops
97. bristle worms, earthworms, and leeches
98. flatworms
99. jellyfishes, corals, and sea anemones
100. roundworms
SHORT ANSWER
101. How do protostomes and deuterostomes differ in the timing of important developmental events?
102. Describe some of the advantages of segmentation.
103. What life history patterns in some rotifers are adapted to living in small bodies of water?
104. What are some similarities between cephalopods and vertebrates?
105. How does the nervous system of cnidarians and arthropods differ?
ESSAY
106. Contrast typical embryonic development in protostomes and deuterostomes.
107. Contrast animal relationships based on molecular data versus based on morphological and
developmental data.