CHAPTER 30—FUNGI
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Worldwide, decay of organic matter is important to the global carbon cycle because it ____ tens of
billions of tons of carbon dioxide each year.
a.
removes from the atmosphere
b.
prevents the planet from losing to space
c.
returns to the atmosphere
d.
prevents plants from having access to
e.
releases to space
2. Based on molecular evidence, fungi were present on land at least
a.
1 billion years ago.
b.
500 million years ago.
c.
250 million years ago.
d.
125 million years ago.
e.
10 million years ago.
3. The study of fungi is called ____.
a.
ecology
b.
botany
c.
mycology
d.
microbiology
e.
parasitology
4. Yeast are
a.
single-celled fungi.
b.
multicellular plants.
c.
single-celled plants.
d.
single-celled protists.
e.
multicellular fungi.
5. The substance that typically provides rigidity to fungal cell walls, and is found in some animals, is
____.
a.
lignin
b.
cellulose
c.
starch
d.
collagen
e.
chitin
6. Multicellular fungi grow as branching filaments called ____.
a.
mycorrhizae
b.
conidia
c.
asci
d.
hyphae
e.
basidia
7. Imagine that you are a researcher who has discovered a mutant fungus that produces extra-thick septa
that allow for only minimal transfer of nutrients through them. You should expect that, when
compared to the normal fungus, this mutant will
a.
be extremely resistant to antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections.
b.
digest food more efficiently.
c.
grow more slowly.
d.
divide more rapidly.
e.
make more extensive use of cytoplasmic streaming.
8. The process in fungi that allows nutrients to flow from food-absorbing parts of the fungal body to
other, nonabsorptive parts is ____.
a.
osmosis
b.
karyogamy
c.
cytoplasmic streaming
d.
plasmogamy
e.
symbiosis
9. A mycelium is best defined as
a.
a mushroom.
b.
a mass of hyphae.
c.
an association between a fungus and a plant root.
d.
a reproductive structure of a fungus.
e.
a fungal cell.
10. Your favorite tree is dying, and you find that there is a fungal infection on its leaves. If you were to
look at the cells of the infected leaves of your tree, which of the following should you expect to find?
a.
mycorrhizae
b.
arbuscules
c.
haustoria
d.
both mycorrhizae and arbuscules
e.
both mycorrhizae and haustoria
11. Fungi generally digest large organic molecules
a.
in special compartments called arbuscules.
b.
within feeding hyphae.
c.
in visible mushrooms.
d.
in special compartments called haustoria.
e.
outside of their cells.
12. The dikaryotic stage of a fungal life cycle is described as ____.
a.
n
b.
n + n
c.
2n + 2n
d.
2n
e.
2n + n
13. Before examining a fungal cell under a microscope, you are told that it is a dikaryotic cell. Given that,
you should expect the cell to have
a.
two complete sets of chromosomes.
b.
two nuclei.
c.
two hyphae.
d.
two complete sets of chromosomes and two nuclei.
e.
two nuclei and two hyphae.
14. All fungi can reproduce via ____.
a.
asci
b.
fruiting bodies
c.
spores
d.
conidia
e.
basidia
15. Mature fungal spores
a.
are always haploid.
b.
are always diploid.
c.
are always dikaryotic.
d.
can be either diploid or dikaryotic.
e.
can be either haploid or diploid.
16. Asexually produced spores will result in offspring that
a.
have no mating type.
b.
are genetically distinct from the parent fungus.
c.
are clones of the parent fungus.
d.
have a different mating type from the parent fungus.
e.
are unable to reproduce.
17. The fusion of the cytoplasms of two genetically different cells is ____.
a.
osmosis
b.
karyogamy
c.
cytoplasmic streaming
d.
plasmogamy
e.
symbiosis
18. The fusion of the nuclei is ____.
a.
osmosis
b.
karyogamy
c.
cytoplasmic streaming
d.
plasmogamy
e.
symbiosis
19. Mating types in fungi are generally termed
a.
sperm and eggs.
b.
and .
c.
male and female.
d.
plus and minus.
e.
Fungi do not have specific mating types.
20. Based on the phylogeny of fungi that is currently the most widely accepted, organisms of the phylum
____ belong to the fungal group that diverged the earliest from the rest of the fungi.
a.
Glomeromycota
b.
Basidiomycota
c.
Chytridiomycota
d.
Zygomycota
e.
Ascomycota
21. Based on gene sequencing data, it appears that the lineages leading to animals and fungi diverged from
each other about
a.
1 billion years ago.
b.
500 million years ago.
c.
250 million years ago.
d.
125 million years ago.
e.
10 million years ago.
22. The first fungi were most likely ____.
a.
airborne
b.
terrestrial
c.
arboreal
d.
aquatic
e.
amphibious
23. Traditionally, classification of fungi has been based on
a.
DNA sequences.
b.
body type.
c.
mode of feeding.
d.
whether the fungus is a saprobe, parasite, or in a mutual symbiosis.
e.
structures that release sexual spores.
24. Members of which fungal phylum are the only ones to produce motile spores?
a.
Glomeromycota
b.
Basidiomycota
c.
Chytridiomycota
d.
Zygomycota
e.
Ascomycota
25. The chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is responsible for a disease that
a.
is sexually transmitted in humans.
b.
has wiped out many species of frogs.
c.
infects wheat, rye, and other grain crops.
d.
is killing trees in temperate forests.
e.
kills millions of humans each year.
26. Most chytrids are ____.
a.
saprobes in soil
b.
parasites of plants
c.
symbiotic partners of cattle and other herbivores
d.
parasites of animals
e.
aquatic
27. Creation of a special, resistant zygospore during sexual reproduction is characteristic of members of
which fungal phylum?
a.
Glomeromycota
b.
Basidiomycota
c.
Chytridiomycota
d.
Zygomycota
e.
Ascomycota
28. The black bread mold Rhizopus stolonifer and dung-infesting fungi of the genus Pilobolus are
members of which fungal phylum?
a.
Glomeromycota
b.
Basidiomycota
c.
Chytridiomycota
d.
Zygomycota
e.
Ascomycota
29. Having aseptate hyphae, members of this phylum are described as coenocytic since they have
numerous nuclei in a common cytoplasm.
a.
Glomeromycota
b.
Basidiomycota
c.
Chytridiomycota
d.
Zygomycota
e.
Ascomycota
30. Where does karyogamy occur in zygomycetes?
a.
basidia
b.
conidiophores
c.
sporangia
d.
asci
e.
zygospores
31. All known members of which fungal phylum form mutualistic associations with plant roots?
a.
Glomeromycota
b.
Basidiomycota
c.
Chytridiomycota
d.
Zygomycota
e.
Ascomycota
32. Which fungal phylum has the fewest known living species even though they collectively make up
roughly half of the fungi in the soil?
a.
Glomeromycota
b.
Basidiomycota
c.
Chytridiomycota
d.
Zygomycota
e.
Ascomycota
33. Members of which fungal phylum form associations with 80−90 percent of land plants by forming
mycorrhizae with them?
a.
Glomeromycota
b.
Basidiomycota
c.
Chytridiomycota
d.
Zygomycota
e.
Ascomycota
34. Reproduction in glomeromycetes is typically ____ via spores that form ____.
a.
sexual; in sporangia
b.
asexual; at the tips of hyphae
c.
sexual; at the tips of hyphae
d.
asexual; in sporangia
e.
asexual; both in sporangia and at the tips of hyphae
35. Where does karyogamy occur in ascomycetes?
a.
basidia
b.
conidiophores
c.
sporangia
d.
asci
e.
zygospores
36. Members of which fungal phylum are also called sac fungi?
a.
Glomeromycota
b.
Basidiomycota
c.
Chytridiomycota
d.
Zygomycota
e.
Ascomycota
37. Pathogenic members of which fungal phylum are responsible for such things as Dutch elm disease,
ergotism, athlete’s foot, aflatoxins, thrush, and vaginal yeast infections?
a.
Glomeromycota
b.
Basidiomycota
c.
Chytridiomycota
d.
Zygomycota
e.
Ascomycota
38. Organisms of significant value to humans from this fungal phylum include the yeast Saccharomyces
cerevisiae, antibiotic-producing species of Penicillium, truffles, and morels.
a.
Glomeromycota
b.
Basidiomycota
c.
Chytridiomycota
d.
Zygomycota
e.
Ascomycota
39. Production of asexual spores in ascomycetes often occurs on ____.
a.
basidia
b.
conidiophores
c.
sporangia
d.
asci
e.
zygospores
40. Production of sexual spores in ascomycetes occurs in ____.
a.
basidia
b.
conidiophores
c.
sporangia
d.
asci
e.
zygospores
41. A trapping behavior where small worms are ensnared and then digested is found in some species of
which fungal phylum?
a.
Glomeromycota
b.
Basidiomycota
c.
Chytridiomycota
d.
Zygomycota
e.
Ascomycota
42. Which fungal phylum has the most known living species?
a.
Glomeromycota
b.
Basidiomycota
c.
Chytridiomycota
d.
Zygomycota
e.
Ascomycota
43. Organisms traditionally called mushrooms, as well as shelf fungi, coral fungi, bird’s nest fungi,
stinkhorns, and puffballs, are all members of which fungal phylum?
a.
Glomeromycota
b.
Basidiomycota
c.
Chytridiomycota
d.
Zygomycota
e.
Ascomycota
44. Members of which fungal phylum are also called club fungi?
a.
Glomeromycota
b.
Basidiomycota
c.
Chytridiomycota
d.
Zygomycota
e.
Ascomycota
45. A basidiocarp is the ____ of a basidiomycete.
a.
feeding stage
b.
asexual sporangium
c.
reproductive body
d.
infecting vessel
e.
haploid life cycle stage
46. Where does karyogamy occur in basidiomycetes?
a.
basidia
b.
conidiophores
c.
sporangia
d.
asci
e.
zygospores
47. Production of sexual spores in basidiomycetes occurs on ____.
a.
basidia
b.
conidiophores
c.
sporangia
d.
asci
e.
zygospores
48. The fly agaric mushroom (Amanita muscaria) and the death cap mushroom (Amanita phalloides) are
members of which fungal phylum?
a.
Glomeromycota
b.
Basidiomycota
c.
Chytridiomycota
d.
Zygomycota
e.
Ascomycota
49. In eastern Oregon, the mycelium of a single individual Armillaria ostoyae, a member of the fungal
phylum ____, covers an area equivalent to 1665 football fields (nearly 6000 m across).
a.
Glomeromycota
b.
Basidiomycota
c.
Chytridiomycota
d.
Zygomycota
e.
Ascomycota
50. The grouping “conidial fungi,” also known as “imperfect fungi” or deuteromycetes, is a convenience
grouping for fungi that are not classified in other groups, because the conidial fungi
a.
have no known sexual phase.
b.
are unicellular.
c.
have a dikaryotic phase in their life cycle.
d.
have a haploid phase in their life cycle.
e.
lack a cell wall.
51. Molecular relationships and other studies have allowed for many conidial fungi to be reclassified into a
fungal phylum. Most of these reclassified conidial fungi have turned out to belong to which fungal
phylum?
a.
Glomeromycota
b.
Basidiomycota
c.
Chytridiomycota
d.
Zygomycota
e.
Ascomycota
52. Grouped by some with the fungi based on molecular studies, these single-celled parasites are known to
infect insects, fish, and humans (especially those with compromised immune systems). They
physically resemble spores, but they lack mitochondria.
a.
amoebae
b.
red algae
c.
microsporidia
d.
dinoflagellates
e.
apicomplexans
53. Molecular studies suggest microsporidia appear to be most closely related to members of which fungal
phylum?
a.
Glomeromycota
b.
Basidiomycota
c.
Chytridiomycota
d.
Zygomycota
e.
Ascomycota
54. You discover a fungus that only makes sexual spores (no asexual spores). The spores are made in
groups of four on the tips of club-shaped structures. Into which group should you classify this fungus?
a.
Glomeromycota
b.
Basidiomycota
c.
Chytridiomycota
d.
Zygomycota
e.
Ascomycota
55. You discover a fungus that makes both sexual and asexual spores. The sexual spores are made in
groups of eight within a structure that bursts open to release the spores. The structures containing
sexual spores are found within a multicellular structure that is about five inches tall. Into which group
should you classify this fungus?
a.
Glomeromycota
b.
Basidiomycota
c.
Chytridiomycota
d.
Zygomycota
e.
Ascomycota
56. You discover a fungus that makes mainly asexual spores, but that occasionally makes sexual spores.
When produced, the sexual spores come out of a thickened, hardened structure. A close examination of
hyphae of this fungus reveals no septa. Into which group should you classify this fungus?
a.
Glomeromycota
b.
Basidiomycota
c.
Chytridiomycota
d.
Zygomycota
e.
Ascomycota
57. You discover an aquatic fungus that makes spores that use flagella to swim. Into which group should
you classify this fungus?
a.
Glomeromycota
b.
Basidiomycota
c.
Chytridiomycota
d.
Zygomycota
e.
Ascomycota
58. The toxin found in Amanita phalloides has deadly effects on humans because it inhibits ____.
a.
DNA replication
b.
RNA polymerase
c.
peptide bond formation
d.
muscle contraction
e.
active transport
59. Studies of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences indicate that ____ are more closely related to each other
than either one is to ____.
a.
plants and fungi; animals
b.
plants and animals; fungi
c.
animals and fungi; plants
d.
animals and bacteria; plants
e.
fungi and bacteria; plants
60. Fungi and animals have which of the following similarities in biochemical pathways?
a.
pathways for producing chitin
b.
pathways for making hydroxyproline
c.
pathways for making the protein ferritin
d.
pathways for producing chitin and making cell walls
e.
pathways for producing chitin and for making hydroxyproline and the protein ferritin
61. The general term for a state where two organisms live together in close association is ____.
a.
commensalism
b.
parasitism
c.
mutualism
d.
predation
e.
symbiosis
62. A single vegetative body that contains both a fungus and a green alga would be called a(n) ____.
a.
ectomycorrhiza
b.
lichen
c.
arbuscule
d.
endomycorrhiza
e.
haustorium
63. In a lichen, the mycobiont receives
a.
nutrients.
b.
protection from herbivory.
c.
aid in sexual reproduction.
d.
enhanced dispersal of offspring.
e.
shelter from radiation and desiccation.
64. In a lichen, the photobiont usually receives
a.
nutrients.
b.
protection from herbivory.
c.
aid in sexual reproduction.
d.
enhanced dispersal of offspring.
e.
shelter from radiation and desiccation.
65. Which of the following is NOT associated with lichens?
a.
primary producers in the arctic tundra
b.
monitoring of air pollution
c.
creation of soil from bare rock
d.
enhanced photosynthesis on trees with lichens
e.
nest building material for many birds
66. The tough, pliable body of a lichen is called a(n)
a.
soredium.
b.
arbuscule.
c.
thallus.
d.
sporangium.
e.
haustorium.
67. A cell cluster with both algal and hyphal cells that is used for asexual reproduction in lichens is called
a(n)
a.
soredium.
b.
arbuscule.
c.
thallus.
d.
sporangium.
e.
haustorium.
68. A mutualistic symbiosis where fungal hyphae penetrate plant root cells is called a(n) ____.
a.
ectomycorrhiza
b.
lichen
c.
arbuscule
d.
endomycorrhiza
e.
haustorium
69. A mutualistic symbiosis where fungal hyphae grow between and around plant roots but do not
penetrate plant root cells is called a(n) ____.
a.
ectomycorrhiza
b.
lichen
c.
arbuscule
d.
endomycorrhiza
e.
haustorium
70. Arbuscules are structures associated with which fungal phylum?
a.
Glomeromycota
b.
Basidiomycota
c.
Chytridiomycota
d.
Zygomycota
e.
Ascomycota
71. The main benefit to a plant from a mycorrhizal association is
a.
enhanced water uptake.
b.
removal of excess carbohydrates.
c.
enhanced flow of carbohydrates to the roots.
d.
enhanced mineral ion uptake.
e.
enhanced protection of roots from bacterial infections.
72. In a mycorrhizal association, the fungus benefits mainly by
a.
absorbing water from the plant.
b.
using the plant roots as a growth surface.
c.
absorbing mineral ions from the plant.
d.
providing water to the plant.
e.
absorbing carbohydrates from the plant.
73. Acid rain ____ mycorrhizae.
a.
has no noticeable effect on
b.
damages
c.
promotes growth of
d.
inhibits growth of
e.
causes excessive hyphae formation in
74. Fossil evidence indicates that ____ were common among ancient land plants.
a.
fungal infections
b.
endomycorrhizae
c.
lichens
d.
haustoria
e.
ectomycorrhizae
75. You discover a fungus that is associated with plant roots, with hyphae that actually penetrate the root
cells and produces tree-like structures within the root cells. Into which group should you classify this
fungus?
a.
Glomeromycota
b.
Basidiomycota
c.
Chytridiomycota
d.
Zygomycota
e.
Ascomycota
76. Worldwide, ____ are often used as pollution-monitoring devices.
a.
fungal infections
b.
mycorrhizae
c.
lichens
d.
yeast
e.
mushrooms
77. Old man’s beard (Usnea trichodea) and yellow Evernia lichens are sensitive to elevated levels of
a.
sulfur dioxide (SO2).
b.
nitrogen oxides.
c.
nitrate.
d.
sunlight.
e.
fluoride salts.
604
78. Having species within a community that are redundant with respect to ecosystem functions is called
the ____.
a.
redundancy hypothesis
b.
ecosystem function hypothesis
c.
biological insurance hypothesis
d.
natural community hypothesis
e.
fungal take over hypothesis
79. Experiments have shown that increased nitrogen deposition may affect the composition of
communities of ____ fungi.
a.
mycorrhizal
b.
club
c.
parasitic
d.
all
e.
lichen
MATCHING
Choice
Choose the fungal phylum most closely associated with each of the following terms. Each phylum may
be used once, more than once, or not at all.
a.
Glomeromycota
b.
Basidiomycota
c.
Chytridiomycota
d.
Zygomycota
e.
Ascomycota
80. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
81. motile spores
82. microsporidia
83. ectomycorrhizae
84. basidiocarp
85. Rhizopus stolonifer
86. ascocarp
87. –amanitin
88. aseptate hyphae
89. endomycorrhizae
MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE
90. Fungi were present on Earth by 500 million years ago.
91. The mushroom structure of a fungus usually represents a small fraction of the organism’s total mass.
92. Most fungi are aquatic.
93. The carbon source for saprobes is dead organic material.
94. In fungi, both asexual and sexual spores are haploid, and both can germinate into diploid individuals.
95. Basidiomycetes are the usual fungal partners in endomycorrhizae.
96. Ramalina lichens are damaged by sulfur dioxide.
97. Parasitism is a type of symbiotic association.
98. The photosynthetic organism in lichen is algae.
99. Lichens may have played a crucial role in allowing plants to make the transition to life on land.
SHORT ANSWER
100. What is the major difference between animals and fungi in how they obtain nutrients?
101. Explain the difference between plasmogamy and karyogamy.
102. Why is the term “conidial fungi” confusing?
103. Species of Penicillium are important to humans in what very different ways?
ESSAY
104. Describe the major roles of fungi that affect humans and their environment.
105. Why are chytrid fungi of such keen research interest to biologists?