15
A) 1
B) 3
C) 7
D) 9
E) 11
56) Meiosis is most likely to be represented by which number(s) in Figure 30.1?
A) 2
B) 4
C) 2 and 8
D) 4 and 8
E) 10 and 12
57) Which number represents a megaspore mother cell in Figure 30.1?
A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 7
E) 11
58) In Figure 30.1, the process labeled “6” involves
A) nuclear fission.
B) mitosis.
C) meiosis.
D) fertilization.
E) binary fission.
59) The embryo sac of an angiosperm flower is best represented by which number in Figure 30.1?
A) 1
B) 3
C) 7
D) 9
E) 11
60) In angiosperms, which number in Figure 30.1 most nearly represents the event that initiates the
formation of endosperm?
A) 4
B) 6
C) 8
D) 10
E) 12
Scenario Questions
The next few questions refer to the following description.
The cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million years ago and were
dominant forms during the Age of the Dinosaurs. Though their sperm are flagellated, their ovules are
pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition (they eat pollen) and shelter from the microsporophylls.
Upon visiting megasporophylls, the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules. In cycads, pollen
cones and seed cones are borne on different plants. Cycads synthesize neurotoxins, especially in the
seeds, that are effective against most animals, including humans.
61) Which feature of cycads distinguishes them from most other gymnosperms?
1. They have exposed ovules.
2. They have flagellated sperm.
3. They are pollinated by animals.
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 3 only
D) 2 and 3
E) 1, 2, and 3
62) Which feature of cycads makes them similar to many angiosperms?
1. They have exposed ovules.
2. They have flagellated sperm.
3. They are pollinated by animals.
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 3 only
D) 2 and 3
E) 1, 2, and 3
63) If the beetles survive by consuming cycad pollen, then whether the beetles should be considered
mutualists with, or parasites of, the cycads depends upon
A) the extent to which their overall activities affect cycad reproduction.
B) the extent to which the beetles are affected by the neurotoxins.
C) the extent to which the beetles damage the cycad flowers.
D) the distance the beetles must travel between cycad microsporophylls and cycad megasporophylls.
64) On the Pacific island of Guam, large herbivorous bats called “flying foxes” commonly feed on cycad
seeds, a potent source of neurotoxins. The flying foxes do not visit male cones. Consequently, what
should be true?
A) The flying foxes are attracted to cycad fruit, and eat the enclosed seeds only by accident.
B) Flying foxes are highly susceptible to the effects of the neurotoxins.
C) The flying foxes assist the beetles as important pollinating agents of the cycads.
D) Flying foxes can be dispersal agents of cycad seeds if the seeds sometimes get swallowed whole (in
other words, without getting chewed).
65) If one were to erect a new taxon of plants that included all plants that are pollinated by animals, and
only plants that are pollinated by animals, then this new taxon would be
A) monophyletic.
B) paraphyletic.
C) polyphyletic.
D) identical in composition to the phylum Anthophyta.
E) identical in composition to the phylum Cycadophyta.
In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the
number of chromosomes present in each of the following onion tissues.
66) How many chromosomes should be in a tube cell nucleus?
A) 4
B) 8
C) 16
D) 24
E) 32
67) How many chromosomes should be in an endosperm nucleus?
A) 4
B) 8
C) 16
D) 24
E) 32
68) How many chromosomes should be in a generative cell nucleus?
A) 4
B) 8
C) 16
D) 24
E) 32
69) How many chromosomes should be in an embryo sac nucleus?
A) 4
B) 8
C) 16
D) 24
E) 32
70) How many chromosomes should be in an embryo nucleus?
A) 4
B) 8
C) 16
D) 24
E) 32
71) How many chromosomes should be in a megasporangium nucleus?
A) 4
B) 8
C) 16
D) 24
E) 32
The next few questions refer to the following description. Match the animal features with the appropriate
angiosperm analog.
Oviparous (egg-laying) animals have internal fertilization (sperm cells encounter eggs within the
female’s body). Yolk and/or albumen is (are) provided to the embryo, and a shell is then deposited
around the embryo and its food source. Eggs are subsequently deposited in an environment that
promotes their further development, or are incubated by one or both parents.
72) The yolk and/or albumen of an animal egg is what type of angiosperm analog?
A) endosperm
B) pollen tube and sperm nuclei
C) carpels
D) fruit
E) integuments
73) The shell of an animal egg is what type of angiosperm analog?
A) endosperm
B) pollen tube and sperm nuclei
C) carpels
D) fruit
E) integuments
74) The internal fertilization that occurs prior to shell deposition is what type of angiosperm analog?
A) endosperm
B) pollen tube and sperm nuclei
C) carpels
D) fruit
E) integuments
75) The dispersal and/or nurture of young after hatching from the egg is what type of angiosperm
analog?
A) endosperm
B) pollen tube and sperm nuclei
C) carpels
D) fruit
E) integuments
Harold and Kumar are pre-med and pre-pharmacy students, respectively. They complain to their biology
professor that they should not have to study about plants because plants have little relevance to their
chosen professions.
76) It would be best for these students, and for society in the long run, if their biology professor
responds by
A) acknowledging their concern, and promising not to hold them responsible for any material on plants.
B) chiding them for their careerist attitudes, and advising them to whine less and study more.
C) offering extra credit for a research paper on plants that harm humans, as well as plants that heal
humans.
D) lowering the stress level by providing them with the relevant test questions from the upcoming test so
they can research the answers ahead of time.
77) From reading their biology textbook, what would Harold and Kumar discover?
A) About one-quarter of all prescription drugs come from seed plants.
B) Prescription drugs that enter the water table are responsible for the extinction of many plants.
C) Much of what was once rain forest has been replanted with fields of medicinally valuable plants.
D) All rain forest plants contain at least one chemical useful as a medicine.
78) Kumar, especially, might be well advised to learn more about
A) cell wall components, such as lignins and pectins.
B) secondary metabolites.
C) accessory photosynthetic pigments.
D) sporopollenin.
E) the wax of cuticles.
79) Which adaptation(s) of land plants is (are) likely to provide Harold with future patients?
A) sporophyte dominance
B) defenses against herbivory
C) those for using wind to disperse male gametophytes
D) All three of the responses above are potentially medically significant.
E) Two of the responses above are potentially medically significant.
The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a
hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters, is a source of high-quality lumber, and is a favorite
nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8 25 seeds
(Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists
have discovered that the pale yellow, self-incompatible flowers of Brazil nut trees admit only female
orchid bees as pollinators.
80) Animals that consume Brazil nuts are deriving nutrition mostly from tissue whose nuclei have how
many chromosomes?
A) 17
B) 34
C) 51
D) 68
E) There is not enough information to say.
81) The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to
crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still
others behind inside the fruit, which moisture can now enter. The uneaten seeds may subsequently
germinate. Consequently, which terms describe the relationship between the Brazil nut tree and the
agouti?
1. parasitic
2. commensalistic
3. symbiotic
4. endosymbiotic
5. mutualistic
A) 1 and 3
B) 2 and 4
C) 2 and 5
D) 3 and 5
E) 4 and 5
82) Entrepreneurs attempted, but failed, to harvest nuts from plantations grown in Southeast Asia.
Attempts to grow Brazil nut trees in South American plantations also failed. In both cases, the trees
grew vigorously, produced healthy flowers in profusion, but set no fruit. Consequently, what is the
likely source of the problem?
A) poor sporophyte viability
B) poor sporophyte fertility
C) failure to produce fertile ovules
D) failure to produce pollen
E) pollination failure
83) The agouti is most directly involved with the Brazil nut tree’s dispersal of
A) male gametophytes.
B) female gametophytes.
C) sporophyte embryos.
D) sporophyte megaspores.
E) female gametes.
84) The harpy eagle, Harpia harpyja, is the largest, most powerful raptor in the Americas. It nests only
in trees taller than 25 meters. It is a “sloth specialist,” but will also take agouti. Thus, if these eagles
capture too many agoutis from a particular locale, they might contribute to their own demise by
A) having too many offspring.
B) increasing habitat loss.
C) decreasing atmospheric CO2.
D) increasing the number of sloths.
85) Brazil nut trees begin producing fruit at the age of 10 years, reach final height at about 120 years,
and can live for over 500 years. A landowner can earn more by felling a Brazil nut tree and selling it for
lumber than from several seasons’ worth of Brazil nut harvests from the same tree. Thus, it makes
greater financial sense in the long run to harvest
A) all of the Brazil nut trees and sell them for lumber.
B) all of the nuts, and only then harvest all of the trees.
C) the nuts for many seasons.
D) remove no resources from the forest.
86) Native peoples traditionally use Brazil nuts to treat stomach ache, inflammation, hypersensitivity,
and hepatitis. Consequently, a scientist should be interested in promoting
A) better education for the native peoples so that they will overcome their old ways.
B) clear-cutting forests containing Brazil nut trees to make way for crops with proven medical benefits.
C) an increase in the living standards of the native peoples so that they might be able to purchase
modern pharmaceuticals.
D) the evaluation of Brazil nut chemicals for use as potential drugs.
E) that free, FDA-approved medicines be provided to the impoverished natives.
87) To help ensure a prosperous future for the largest number of people, developed countries should
A) help underdeveloped countries to more effectively exploit and market their natural resources.
B) apply sanctions on developing countries that fail to curtail their rates of growth and development.
C) conserve at home and exploit resources abroad.
D) reuse, recycle, and reduce at home, while encouraging the same abroad.
E) work for the removal of indigenous peoples from endangered habitats, so as to better preserve limited
resources in those habitats.
88) In the long run, harvesting Brazil nut trees for their lumber is most likely to benefit
A) harpy eagles.
B) later generations of humans.
C) agoutis.
D) orchid bees.
E) sloths.
89) People who attempted to plant Brazil nuts in hopes of establishing plantations of Brazil nut trees
played roles most similar to those of
A) agoutis.
B) orchid bees.
C) pollen tubes.
D) harpy eagles.
90) The same bees that pollinate the flowers of the Brazil nut trees pollinate orchids, which are
epiphytes (in other words, plants that grow on other plants); however, orchids cannot grow on Brazil nut
trees. These observations explain
A) the coevolution of Brazil nut trees and orchids.
B) why Brazil nut trees do not set fruit in plantations.
C) why male orchid bees do not pollinate Brazil nut tree flowers.
D) why male orchid bees are smaller than female orchid bees.
E) the importance of orchid and Brazil nut tree flowers for the production of orchid bee honey.
91) If a female orchid bee has just left a Brazil nut tree with nectar in her stomach, and if she visits only
other flowers on the same tree, the result should be
A) pollination.
B) more nectar in her stomach.
C) more pollen in her pollen basket.
D) Three of the responses above are correct.
E) Two of the responses above are correct.
92) If a female orchid bee has just left a Brazil nut tree with nectar in her stomach, and if she visits
another flower on a different Brazil nut tree, what is the sequence in which the following events should
occur?
1. double fertilization
2. pollen tube emerges from pollen grain
3. pollen tube enters micropyle
4. pollination
A) 4, 2, 3, 1
B) 4, 2, 1, 3
C) 4, 3, 2, 1
D) 2, 4, 3, 1
E) 2, 4, 1, 3
93) Orchid bees are to Brazil nut trees as ________ are to pine trees.
A) breezes
B) rain droplets
C) seed-eating birds
D) squirrels
E) both seed-eating birds and squirrels
94) The taller a Brazil nut tree is,
1. the more valuable it is as a source of lumber.
2. the less useful it is to harpy eagles.
3. the greater its photosynthetic rate relative to neighboring plants.
A) 1 only
B) 1 and 2
C) 1 and 3
D) 2 and 3
95) Ecologists often build models to depict the relationships between organisms. In such models, an
arrow is used to link two organisms in a relationship. The arrowhead is next to the organism that is
affected. If the effect is positive, the arrow is labeled with (+), and if negative, then the label is (-).
Which of the following models best illustrates the relationship of the Brazil nut tree and the other
organisms associated with it?
A)
B)
C)
D)
96) If all agoutis are permanently removed from the rain forest, what will be the result?
A) swift extinction of harpy eagles
B) eventual extinction of Brazil nut trees
C) eventual extinction of orchid bees
D) swift extinction of orchids
E) swift extinction of sloths
97) Ecologists often build models to depict the relationships between organisms. In such models, an
arrow is used to link two organisms in a relationship. The arrowhead is next to the organism that is
affected. If the effect is positive, the arrow is labeled with (+), and if negative, then the label is (-).
Capuchin monkeys have been known to use rocks to smash open the fruits of Brazil nut trees. On the
rare occasions this has been observed, the monkeys consume all of the Brazil nuts. Thus, which of the
following correctly depicts the relationship between capuchin monkeys and Brazil nut trees?
A)
B)
C)
D)
End-of-Chapter Questions
The following questions are from the end-of–chapter “Test Your Understanding” section in Chapter 30
of the textbook.
98) Where in an angiosperm would you find a megasporangium?
A) in the style of a flower
B) inside the tip of a pollen tube
C) enclosed in the stigma of a flower
D) within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower
E) packed into pollen sacs within the anthers found on a stamen
99) A fruit is most commonly
A) a mature ovary.
B) a thickened style.
C) an enlarged ovule.
D) a modified root.
E) a mature female gametophyte.
100) With respect to angiosperms, which of the following is incorrectly paired with its chromosome
count?
A) egg–n
B) megaspore–2n
C) microspore–n
D) zygote–2n
E) sperm–n
101) Which of the following is not a characteristic that distinguishes gymnosperms and angiosperms
from other plants?
A) alternation of generations
B) ovules
C) integuments
D) pollen
E) dependent gametophytes
102) Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following in common except
A) seeds.
B) pollen.
C) vascular tissue.
D) ovaries.
E) ovules.