Campbell Biology: Concepts and Connections, 8e (Reece et al.)
Chapter 30 How Animals Move
30.1 Multiple-Choice Questions
1) Suppose that the circular muscles in an earthworm have become selectively paralyzed such
that they are not able to contract. How will this affect the earthworm’s locomotion?
A) The earthworm will be able to elongate, but not get thicker.
B) The earthworm will be able to get thicker, but not elongate.
C) The earthworm will not be able to elongate or get thicker.
D) The earthworm will be able to crawl as normal.
2) Which of the following statements about locomotion is true?
A) Locomotion requires animals to overcome friction and gravity.
B) Gravity is a greater locomotion problem for animals in water than for those on land.
C) Overcoming friction is a greater locomotion problem for land animals than for those that live
in water.
D) Bone strength is more important than body shape in the locomotion of land animals.
3) If you inflate a balloon and then let it go, the air rushing out moves the balloon in a way that is
similar to the way that a ________ moves.
A) snake
B) kangaroo
C) squid
D) shark
4) The way the tendons in the legs of a kangaroo aid in locomotion is most like
A) stepping in mud and the mud spreading out as your foot sinks in.
B) stretching and contracting a rubber band.
C) the circular movements of the wheels of an automobile.
D) smashing an apple to make applesauce.
5) A racehorse cannot stand on one leg, but when it runs it rarely has more than one leg on the
ground. Why is a running horse more stable than a standing one?
A) Its legs tilt so the hooves fall in line with its center of gravity.
B) Its momentum gives it stability.
C) Its internal organs act like a gyroscope.
D) It uses its neck for balance the way a tightrope walker uses a pole.
6) Earthworms crawl by
A) undulating from side to side.
B) peristalsis.
C) the leg-like action of their belly scales.
D) pushing themselves forward from the tail.
7) An airfoil provides lift because air moving over a wing must travel
A) a greater distance than air moving under the wing, creating a lower pressure system above the
wing.
B) a greater distance than air moving under the wing, creating a higher pressure system above
the wing.
C) a lesser distance than air moving under the wing, creating a lower pressure system above the
wing.
D) a lesser distance than air moving under the wing, creating a higher pressure system above the
wing.
8) You are cleaning out an old lab freezer and find a tube that contains the ground-up remains of
an unknown animal. Your research advisor suggests that you perform chemical assays to
determine what molecules made up the animal. After analyzing the data, you determine that the
animal contained a large amount of chitin. What type of animal was in the tube?
A) leech
B) octopus
C) snake
D) lobster
9) An important function of the bones in the skeleton is to
A) provide a source of ATP.
B) generate hormones.
C) add weight.
D) support the body.
10) Earthworms have
A) an exoskeleton.
B) an endoskeleton.
C) a hydrostatic skeleton.
D) a peristaltic skeleton.
11) Which of the following statements about hydrostatic skeletons is true?
A) Hydrostatic skeletons are nonflexible.
B) Hydrostatic skeletons provide little support for muscle action.
C) Hydrostatic skeletons produce rigid animals that maintain one shape.
D) Hydrostatic skeletons can protect internal organs.
12) Which of the following objects is most like a hydrostatic skeleton?
A) a water balloon
B) a hot air balloon
C) a piece of M&M candy
D) a bowling ball
13) Which of the following animals has an exoskeleton?
A) human
B) trout
C) shark
D) clam
14) Why is a newly molted crab unusually slow and clumsy?
A) Its new exoskeleton cannot support the forces that its muscles generate.
B) It temporarily lacks an exoskeleton.
C) Its muscles are still forming their connections with the new exoskeleton.
D) Its neurons are still forming their connections with the new muscles.
15) Which of the following structures is most like an exoskeleton?
A) the wood frame of a house
B) a water balloon
C) a suit of armor
D) the hair covering the surface of a bear
16) Which of the following animals has an endoskeleton made entirely of cartilage?
A) bullfrog
B) mackerel
C) nurse shark
D) robin
17) The evolution of the vertebrate skeleton system
A) originated with a snake-like animal whose descendants gradually developed limbs.
B) enabled tetrapods to colonize land.
C) originated in an earlier exoskeleton.
D) made animals significantly taller.
18) Which of the following structures constitutes part of the axial skeleton?
A) skull
B) pelvic girdle
C) pectoral girdle
D) leg bones
19) Which of the following attaches the forelimbs to the axial skeleton in a human?
A) pectoral girdle
B) pelvic girdle
C) vertebra
D) appendicular skeleton
20) Evolution has provided enormous diversity in the number of vertebrae among vertebrate
species. Vertebrae are differentiated during embryonic development by
A) hormone induction.
B) the length of the backbone.
C) the degree of structural support needed.
D) the pattern of homeotic gene expression.
21) The contacting surfaces of a moving joint, such as your hip joint, consist of
A) red bone marrow.
B) cartilage.
C) spongy bone.
D) compact bone.
22) Which part of a bone contains mostly stored fat?
A) red bone marrow
B) fibrous connective tissue
C) spongy bone
D) yellow bone marrow
23) Which part of a bone contains the cells that produce blood cells?
A) compact bone
B) cartilage
C) spongy bone
D) yellow bone marrow
24) Bone is composed of
A) living cells that secrete a surrounding matrix.
B) a hard composite of phosphate and sodium ions.
C) channels containing lymphoid tissue.
D) hardened cartilage.
25) To repair and heal a broken bone, physicians will
A) graft new bone to the region.
B) exercise the area of the broken bone.
C) prescribe a regime of bed rest and calcium supplements.
D) return the broken bone parts to their natural position and then immobilize them.
26) Osteoporosis is characterized by
A) hairline cracks in long bones, such as the femur.
B) low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue.
C) low phosphate levels in bone.
D) lack of vitamin E in bone tissue.
27) Osteoporosis has long been recognized as a problem for women after menopause, but it is
also emerging as a health concern for
A) women in their 20s and 30s.
B) teenage men.
C) men over the age of 65.
D) men and younger people in general.
28) The shoulder joint where the humerus meets the shoulder girdle is an example of
A) a hinge joint.
B) a ligament.
C) a pivot joint.
D) a ball-and-socket joint.
29) If you lay your forearm along a table, you can rotate it so that your hand changes from a
palm-down to a palm-up position. This is possible because your radius and ulna join at a
A) ball-and-socket joint.
B) hinge joint.
C) pivot joint.
D) ligament.
30) Muscles are connected to bones by
A) cartilage.
B) ligaments.
C) tendons.
D) myofibrils.
31) Skeletal muscles
A) are found in and around internal organs.
B) get longer when they contract.
C) work in antagonistic pairs.
D) push on bones to make them move.
32) Which of the following statements about skeletal muscle fibers is true?
A) Each muscle fiber is composed of multinucleated cells.
B) Each muscle fiber is composed of globular proteins.
C) Each muscle fiber contains one sarcomere.
D) Each muscle fiber contains actin and myosin.
33) Functionally, the muscle fiber’s fundamental unit of contraction is the
A) thick filament.
B) myofibril.
C) sarcomere.
D) Z line.
34) Structurally, a sarcomere is
A) the region between two thick filaments.
B) the region between two Z lines.
C) an array of Z units.
D) the region between a thick filament and the next thin filament.
35) A thick filament consists of
A) actin.
B) actin and regulatory proteins.
C) myosin.
D) actin and myosin.
36) Which of the following lists muscle components in the correct order from smallest to largest?
A) muscle, sarcomeres, myofibrils, muscle fibers
B) sarcomeres, myofibrils, muscle fibers, muscle
C) sarcomeres, myofibrils, muscle, muscle fibers
D) myofibrils, muscle, sarcomeres, muscle fibers
37) According to the sliding filament model of muscle contraction, a sarcomere contracts when
its
A) thick filaments slide across its Z lines.
B) thin filaments slide across its Z lines.
C) thin filaments slide toward each other across its thick filaments.
D) thick filaments shorten, pulling the opposed sets of thin filaments past each other.
38) Changes occur within a sarcomere during muscle contraction. One change is that the
A) thin filaments get thicker.
B) thick filaments move closer together.
C) Z lines move closer together.
D) thick filaments get thicker.
39) During muscle contraction,
A) only the thin filaments shorten.
B) only the sarcomere shortens.
C) only the thick filaments shorten.
D) both the thick filaments and the sarcomere shorten.
40) Which of the following statements best describes the molecular basis of muscle shortening?
A) Individual filamentous proteins contract.
B) Individual filamentous proteins shorten by coiling.
C) Rod-shaped protein polymers shorten by losing subunits from their ends.
D) Protein filaments crawl along other protein filaments.
41) Which of the following statements best describes the power stroke of muscle contraction?
A) The myosin head bends, pulling the thick filament toward the center of the sarcomere.
B) The myosin head bends, pulling the thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere.
C) The actin head bends, pulling the thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere.
D) The actin head bends, pulling the thick filament toward the center of the sarcomere.
42) The sequence of events that cause a sarcomere to contract can be summed up in the correct
order as
A) detach, extend, contract, attach.
B) detach, pull, extend, contract.
C) detach, extend, attach, pull.
D) pull, contract, detach, recoil.
43) The neurotransmitter found at the synapse between nerves and human skeletal muscle cells is
A) acetylcholine.
B) epinephrine.
C) dopamine.
D) serotonin.
44) The calcium that triggers muscle contraction is stored in
A) the motor neuron.
B) synaptic vesicles.
C) the endoplasmic reticulum.
D) the mitochondria.
45) A motor unit is
A) the bundle of axons that goes from the spinal cord to a muscle.
B) one of the connective tissue-wrapped bundles of muscle fibers in a muscle.
C) a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it controls.
D) the muscle or group of muscles that accomplishes a specific movement.
46) Which of the following would have the greatest number of muscle cells per motor unit?
A) muscles controlling the movement of our hands
B) facial muscles
C) a thigh muscle
D) muscles controlling the movement of an eyeball
47) The role of calcium in muscle contraction is to
A) release ADP and phosphate from myosin.
B) make it possible for ATP to bind to actin.
C) make it possible for myosin to bind to actin.
D) make it possible for ATP to bind to myosin.