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True / False
1. Until about 50 years ago, crime victims were viewed by criminologists as passive targets who were considered to be in
the “wrong place at the wrong time.”
a.
True
b.
False
2. Some victims, for instance, the elderly, the poor, and minority group members, develop a persistent and paralyzing fear
that they will again become victimized.
a.
True
b.
False
3. Children who are psychologically, sexually, or physically abused are more likely to suffer low self-esteem and be more
suicidal as adults.
a.
True
b.
False
4. Research shows that children repeatedly victimized before the age of 12 are the ones most susceptible to a number of
physical and mental health issues, smoking, and homelessness.
a.
True
b.
False
5. Approximately two-thirds of rapes and sexual assaults occur between the hours of 6:00 P.M. and 6:00 A.M.
a.
True
b.
False
6. Schools are the locale of a great deal of victimization because they are populated by a dangerous segment of society,
teenage males.
a.
True
b.
False
7. Households that have experienced victimization in the past are the least likely to experience victimization again in the
future.
a.
True
b.
False
8. According to target vulnerability, having attractive possessions may make one vulnerable to predatory crime.
a.
True
b.
False
9. Males are more likely than females to be victimized by someone they know.
a.
True
b.
False
10. The poorest Americans are also the most likely victims of violent and property crimes.
a.
True
b.
False
11. According to the routing activities theory, neighbors are considered capable guardians.
a.
True
b.
False
12. People with high-risk lifestyles have a lower risk of victimization.
a.
True
b.
False
13. Aggressive or provocative behavior of victims that results in their victimization is known as passive precipitation.
a.
True
b.
False
14. An example of a rape myth would be "women contribute to their rape by dressing provocatively."
a.
True
b.
False
15. Women in college face the risk of sexual assault at a higher rate than women in the general population.
a.
True
b.
False
16. Most student rape and sexual assault victimizations occurred while the victim was pursuing leisure activities away
from home, compared to nonstudents who were engaged in activities at home.
a.
True
b.
False
17. Routine activities theory has three variables, a lack of capable guardians, motivated offenders, and an outlet for stolen
goods.
a.
True
b.
False
18. Victim precipitation theory suggests that crime victims may trigger attacks by acting provocatively.
a.
True
b.
False
19. Reconciliation programs are based on the concept of restorative justice.
a.
True
b.
False
20. State Victims’ Bills of Rights generally include allowing the victim to be consulted in determining an appropriate
sentence.
a.
True
b.
False
21. Awards for victim compensation funds typically range from $25,000 to $50,000 depending on the state.
a.
True
b.
False
22. There has been a decline in domestic violence cases during the past decade.
a.
True
b.
False
23. Emergency counseling for crime victims is often referred to as crisis intervention.
a.
True
b.
False
24. Research has depicted that victim/witness statements on sentencing have been the overwhelming greatest success for
victims’ rights in the last 10 years.
a.
True
b.
False
25. When the court issues an ex parte order, it sets up another hearing with notice to the defendant; this is usually called a
return day.
a.
True
b.
False
Multiple Choice
26. What discovery prompted the scientific study of victims?
a.
The discovery that society focuses on the offender’s role in the crime process
b.
The discovery that victims play an important role in the crime process
c.
The discovery that the crime process is skewed toward offenders
d.
The discovery that the crime process is skewed toward victims
27. The long-term stress associated with crime victimization resulting in depression, anxiety, flashbacks, and recurring
nightmares is called ______.
a.
posttraumatic stress disorder
b.
disassociation disorder
c.
psychosis anxiety
d.
victimization anxiety
28. The treatment rape survivors receive from legal, medical, and mental health services is sometimes so destructive that
victims cannot help feeling _____.
a.
“re-tried”
b.
“re-blamed”
c.
“re-raped”
d.
“re-pained”
29. Being abused or neglected as a child __________ the odds of being arrested, both as a juvenile and as an adult.
a.
decreases
b.
increases
c.
initially increases then decreases
d.
does not impact
30. Victims of crime, especially childhood abuse, are more likely to commit crime themselves. This abuse-crime
phenomenon is termed the cycle of ______.
a.
abuse
b.
crime
c.
violence
d.
victimization
31. Referencing the social ecology of victimization, in general, where is a violent crime more likely to take place?
a.
In a post office
b.
In a school
c.
In a private home
d.
In a park
32. People living in rural areas have a victimization rate almost __________ than that of city dwellers.
a.
25 percent higher
b.
50 percent higher
c.
25 percent lower
d.
50 percent lower
33. Why are schools the locale of a great deal of victimization?
a.
Because schools lack adult supervision during class times
b.
Because schools are populated by teenage males
c.
Because schools lack adult supervision during lunch hours
d.
Because schools are populated by antisocial teens
34. Which of the following households is most vulnerable to crime?
a.
A rented urban home in the West
b.
An owned rural home in the West
c.
A rented suburban home in the East
d.
An owned rural home in the East
35. Because elderly often live on their own and may appear lonely, they are more susceptible to ______.
a.
rape
b.
fraud
c.
robbery
d.
arson
36. Females are ___ times more likely than males to be victims of rape and sexual assault.
a.
two
b.
four
c.
six
d.
10
37. Gender affects victimization risk. Which of the following is a significant gender difference?
a.
Men are less likely to be victims of violent crime.
b.
Women are more likely to be victims of robbery.
c.
Women are more likely to be victimized by a stranger.
d.
Women are more likely to be victimized by someone they know.
38. Victim risk diminishes rapidly after age ______.
a.
25
b.
30
c.
35
d.
40
39. Victimization risk is influenced by marital status. Which of the following groups has the lowest rate of victimization?
a.
Widowers and divorced people
b.
Widows and widowers
c.
Widows and single people
d.
Divorced and single people
40. __________ refers to a victim’s physical weakness or psychological stress that renders him or her incapable of
resisting or deterring crime.
a.
Target vulnerability
b.
Group vulnerability
c.
Target weakness
d.
Vulnerable target
41. Tom has been repeatedly victimized while wearing the home team’s football jersey while sitting on the visiting team’s
side of the football field. The _____ aspect of repeat victimization accounts for Tom’s troubles.
a.
target vulnerability
b.
target gratifiability
c.
target hostility
d.
target antagonism
42. Which victimization theory claims that victims may initiate, either actively or passively, the confrontation that leads to
their victimization?
a.
Victim precipitation theory
b.
Deviant place theory
c.
Victim impulsivity theory
d.
Routine activities theory
43. Research on males and females indicates a strong association between victimization and which personality
characteristic?
a.
Stubbornness
b.
Impulsivity
c.
Tenacity
d.
Depression
44. What category of victim precipitation occurs when the victim exhibits some personal characteristic that unknowingly
either threatens or encourages the attacker?
a.
Impulsive precipitation
b.
Passive precipitation
c.
Reflexive precipitation
d.
Active precipitation
45. According to deviant place theory, the greater their exposure to dangerous places, the more likely people will become
victims of crime and violence. Which factor does not characterize a deviant/dangerous place?
a.
A highly transient neighborhood
b.
A neighborhood with educational and residential properties
c.
A poor neighborhood
d.
A neighborhood with commercial and residential properties
46. The view that victimization results from the interaction of three everyday factors—the availability of suitable targets,
the absence of capable guardians, and the presences of motivated offenders—is called _____ theory.
a.
victim precipitation
b.
routine activities
c.
lifestyle
d.
deviant place
47. According to the routine activities theory, all of the following are considered capable guardians except ______.
a.
police officers
b.
homeowners
c.
security systems
d.
teenage boys
48. According to routine activities theory, which of the following is considered a motivated offender?
a.
Addict population
b.
Casual offenders
c.
Those living in poverty
d.
Juveniles
49. According to Cohen and Felson, why did crime rates increase between 1960 and 1980?
a.
Because unemployment rose, resulting in an increase in motivated offenders
b.
Because the amount of suburban neighborhoods decreased, resulting in a population shift to urban
neighborhoods
c.
Because a demographic bulge in the population resulted in an increased number of motivated offenders
d.
Because guardians decreased as a result of increased female participation in the workforce
50. Which victimization theory promotes that victimization risk is related to neighborhood crime rates?
a.
Victim precipitation
b.
Lifestyle
c.
Deviant place
d.
Routine activities
51. Victim compensation is financial aid awarded to victims to repay them for loss and injury. Who ordinarily pays this
compensation?
a.
Victim advocates
b.
The offender
c.
The federal government
d.
The state
52. Counselors who help victims to understand the operations of the criminal justice system, who guide victims through
the justice process, and who may provide transportation to and from court are called victim _____.
a.
advisors
b.
reconcilers
c.
advocates
d.
compensators
53. _____ programs assist victims who feel isolated and vulnerable and who are in need of immediate or emergency
services.
a.
Crisis support
b.
Crisis intervention
c.
Victim intervention
d.
Victim services
54. Mediated face-to-face encounters between victims and their attackers that are designed to produce restitution
agreements are called _____ programs.
a.
recidivist prevention
b.
trial diversion
c.
victim–offender reconciliation
d.
alternative dispute resolution
55. The most controversial element of the victims’ rights movement is the ______.
a.
removal of witness protection programs
b.
development of offender registration laws
c.
creation of restitution programs
d.
unconstitutional nature of victim impact statements
56. According to the research, how many of all U.S. households contain guns?
a.
One-tenth
b.
One-fourth
c.
One-third
d.
One-half
57. Surveys reveal that ____ percent of the general public have been victimized by crime at least once in their lives.
a.
25
b.
55
c.
75
d.
95
58. Beth’s progression from child victim to advocate for victims may best be explained by an increase in her ______.
a.
school scholarships
b.
income
c.
age
d.
institutional support
59. Beth conducts a lot of research on children of abuse. According to the published research on children who are abused,
which of the following is not a likely characteristic of victims?
a.
Suffer lower self-esteem
b.
Are more suicidal as adults
c.
Are abused as adults
d.
Have successful careers
60. Beth wrote an article about the cycle of _____________, which explained that victims of childhood abuse are more
likely to commit crimes themselves.
a.
abuse
b.
crime
c.
rape
d.
violence
61. According to the social ecology theory of victimization, at what time of the day were the abusive attacks on Beth more
likely to take place?
a.
From 8 A.M. to 10 A.M.
b.
From 12 P.M. to 2 P.M.
c.
From 3 P.M. to 6 P.M.
d.
From 10 P.M. to 12 P.M.
Christopher is a 17-year-old high school senior who is constantly getting into arguments with his mother. She believes he
should have a 9 p.m. curfew and that he should not hang out with certain people in certain neighborhoods. She is fearful
he will become a victim of crime. Christopher believes he is a strong man who should not have a curfew and that he can
protect himself.
62. According to the lifestyles theory, Christopher should associate with _________ in order to lower his chances of
victimization.
a.
athletes
b.
boys
c.
girls
d.
college students
63. Christopher is convinced that if he carries a weapon, he will not be victimized. He is trying to convince his mother
that when he turns 18, he should be allowed to carry a gun. What does the research say about victimization and carrying a
weapon?
a.
Males who carried weapons were half as likely to be victimized as those who did not.
b.
Males who carried weapons were twice as likely to be victimized as those who did not.
c.
Males who carried weapons were three times more likely to be victimized as those who did not.
d.
Males who carried weapons were three times less likely to be victimized as those who did not.
64. Christopher’s mother is convinced there are certain places in their community that are deviant because they are home
to “demoralized people.” All of the following may be considered “demoralized people” except the ______.
a.
homeless
b.
drug addicted
c.
mentally ill
d.
middle class
65. One afternoon Christopher is speaking to his friend Johnny on the phone. His mother is secretly listening to their
conversation and realizes that Johnny was robbed at the corner store a few blocks from his house. Johnny is trying to
recruit Christopher to help him retaliate against his attacker. Johnny knows the attacker is a kid who lives a few blocks
away from him. According to the deviant place theory, which term best describes Johnny’s desire to retaliate against his
attacker?
a.
Honor code
b.
Code of the playground
c.
Prison rules
d.
Street code
66. Christopher’s mother forbids him from allowing friends come over to his house because she does not trust them. She
believes that, because they are teenagers, they will want to use drugs, drink, and possibly even steal from her home.
Christopher’s mother is classifying teenagers as ______.
a.
capable guardians
b.
motivated offenders
c.
suitable targets
d.
suitable offenders
Completion
67. _________ is the study of the victim’s role in criminal events.
68. Criminologists who focus on victims of crime are known as ____________.
69. The cycle of ___________ is the concept that victims of crime, especially victims of childhood abuse, are more likely
to commit crimes themselves.
70. A victim’s ______________ generally includes the right to be present at criminal proceedings.
71. ________ is provided for victims who feel isolated, vulnerable, and in need of immediate services.
72. Financial aid awarded to crime victims is referred to as ____________.
73. Victim ______ theory suggests that crime victims may trigger attacks by acting provocatively.
74. According to routine activities theory, costly jewelry, expensive cars, and easily transportable goods are considered
______.
75. ____ are effective deterrents to crime, such as police or watchful neighbors.
76. _______ precipitation is aggressive or provocative behavior of victims that results in their victimization.
77. Psychological reaction to a highly stressful event which includes symptoms of depression, anxiety, and recurring
nightmares is known as ______.
78. According to Finkelhor and Asigian's research on typologies of victimization, __________________ refers to the
victim's physical weakness or psychological distress rendering the victim incapable of resisting or deterring crime.
79. According to Finkelhor and Asigian's research on typologies of victimization, __________ refers to the victim having
some quality or skill that an offender wants to obtain or use which may increase their chances of victimization.
80. According to research by Finkelhor and Asigian on typologies of victimization, ________________ would refer to an
individual who increases his or her risk of victimization by becoming argumentative while drunk.
81. Discuss how criminologists’ views about the role of victims and criminal behavior have changed over time.
82. Identify and discuss the costs of victimization and the problems that victims experience.
83. Discuss the effects of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on crime victims, and explain how PTSD can lead to a
“cycle of violence.”
84. Describe the relationship between antisocial behavior and victimization.
85. Describe the household that is most likely and least likely to be victimized.
86. Explain why there is a great deal of victimization in schools.
87. Referencing the social ecology of victimization, when and where is a crime most likely to happen?
88. Explain the relationship between race/ethnicity and victimization.
89. Social and demographic characteristics distinguish victims from nonvictims. Discuss gender, age, and marital status in
terms of victimization risk.
90. Explain what is meant by the term repeat victimization and what factors are associated with repeat victimization.
91. Does prior victimization enhance or reduce the chances of future victimization? Explain how and/or why.
92. Explain how victim impulsivity is associated with victim precipitation. Why does this personality trait contribute to
victimization risk?
93. Explain how the "college lifestyle" can lead to criminal victimization.
94. Discuss how routine activities theory is used to explain criminal victimization.
95. Explain how a criminal lifestyle can lead to an increased likelihood of criminal victimization.
96. Describe how victim advocates and crisis intervention programs assist victims.
97. Every state has a Victim’s Bill of Rights. What are the general rights legally accorded to victims of crime?
98. Compare and contrast how victim compensation, victim advocates, and victim impact statements have improved
victim assistance programs.
99. Explain how victim notification laws have improved victim assistance programs and what crimes are they often used
for?
100. Explain what research on firearm usage depicts about criminal victimization.
