53) Which of the following is an example of secondary structure in a protein?
A) a particular amino acid sequence
B) an alpha helix
C) a globular shape
D) the joining of two polypeptide chains
54) The tertiary structure of a polypeptide refers to
A) its size.
B) the presence of pleated sheets.
C) the amino acids of which it is made.
D) the overall three-dimensional structure.
55) A protein containing more than one polypeptide chain exhibits the ________ level of protein
structure.
A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) quaternary
56) Mad cow disease serves as an example of how interdependent ________ and ________ are
to protein.
A) solubility; texture
B) form; construction
C) structure; function
D) adaptability; development
57) How are genes used by cells to build proteins?
A) The genes in DNA direct the synthesis of an RNA molecule, which is used to build a protein.
B) The genes in RNA direct the synthesis of a DNA molecule, which is used to build a protein.
C) DNA is transcribed into an amino acid sequence.
D) The genes in RNA direct the synthesis of proteins directly.
58) Which of the following statements regarding nucleotides is false?
A) Nucleotides contain lipids.
B) Nucleotides contain sugar molecules.
C) Nucleotides can be linked together to form nucleic acids.
D) Nucleotides contain nitrogenous bases.
59) Which of the following options correctly pairs a polymer and its monomer?
A) cellulose, amino acids
B) DNA, nucleotides
C) collagen, nucleic acids
D) RNA, ribose
60) DNA differs from RNA because DNA
A) contains thymine in place of uracil.
B) consists of a single rather than a double polynucleotide strand.
C) contains the sugar ribose rather than the sugar deoxyribose.
D) contains phosphate groups not found in RNA.
61) You work for a company that manufactures food products. A new “wonder food” is being
distributed by a rival company. The researchers in your company determine that the “wonder
food” contains only carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. At this point, your researchers can say with
certainty that the food
A) includes proteins.
B) could only be made of triglycerides.
C) could only be made of carbohydrates.
D) does not include proteins or nucleic acids.
62) In what part of the world did the mutation for lactose tolerance first appear?
A) East Asia
B) South America
C) northern Europe
D) North America
63) Why did the lactose tolerance mutation in the East African herders spread so rapidly within
the population?
A) Milk provided calcium for strong bones.
B) It was a selective advantage for survival during droughts and cold winters.
C) Lactose was a better source of energy than glucose.
D) Milk was a good source of protein during the summer harvests.
64) If you ate a 100% plant-based (vegan) diet, what molecule would you never eat?
A) starch
B) cellulose
C) cholesterol
D) phospholipids
65) Lysozyme is an enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls and is found in your tears,
mucus, and saliva. A mutation occurs in the gene for lysozyme that results in a lysine (a
positively charged amino acid) being substituted for an arginine (also a positively charged amino
acid). Do you think that the mutant lysozyme will function similarly to the normal lysozyme?
A) no, because all changes in protein primary sequence result in functional differences
B) no, because changing lysine to arginine will cause the protein to denature
C) yes, because both lysine and arginine are positively charged so the tertiary structure and
therefore function should be similar
D) yes, because protein function stays the same no matter what mutations occur
66) Which meal is high in fiber, low in saturated fats, and high in unsaturated fats?
A) a rib eye steak, mashed potatoes, and side salad with ranch dressing
B) a plate of scrambled eggs with a side of cottage cheese
C) a black bean, cheese, lettuce, and sour cream burrito in a flour tortilla
D) a bowl of spaghetti tossed with olive oil, artichokes, and broccoli
67) You identify a molecule in a pizza that is a polymer; has oxygen, hydrogen, and sulfur
atoms; and is hydrophilic. What kind of molecule is it?
A) protein
B) carbohydrate
C) nucleic acid
D) lipid
18
68) Suppose that an adult black bear adds 50 pounds of fat in order to survive while hibernating
through the winter. How much glycogen would a bear have to add to achieve a similar feat?
A) 25 pounds
B) 50 pounds
C) 75 pounds
D) 100 pounds
69) Which type of fat was found to contribute the most relative risk of developing heart disease?
A) saturated fat
B) monounsaturated fat
C) polyunsaturated fat
D) trans fat
70) Which of the following foods would be least likely to contribute to the development of
coronary heart disease?
A) margarine
B) butter
C) bacon
D) fish oil
71) You have a cup of vegetable oil and a vial full of normal phospholipids. What would you
predict would happen if you dropped the phospholipids into the cup of vegetable oil?
A) The phospholipids would form a sphere with the heads on the inside.
B) The phospholipids would form a sphere with the tails on the inside.
C) The phospholipids would float on the surface of the oil with the tails in the air.
D) The phospholipids would float on the surface of the oil with the heads in the air.
72) What is the complementary sequence to the DNA strand TCGATGG?
A) TCGATGG
B) GGTAGCT
C) AGCUACC
D) AGCTACC
73) Myosin is a contractile protein found in muscles that is composed of three pairs of subunits,
two heavy chains, and two pairs of two different types of light chains, for a total of six subunits.
Myosin contains what level(s) of protein structure?
A) primary
B) primary and secondary
C) primary, secondary, and tertiary
D) primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
3.2 Art Questions
1) These two molecules are structural isomers. What is the difference between them?
A) the number of carbon atoms
B) the number of hydrogen atoms
C) the location of a double-bonded oxygen atom
D) Only one of them has a double bond between carbon atoms.
2) How are these two amino acids attached together?
A) amino group to amino group
B) amino group to carboxylic acid group
C) carboxylic acid group to carboxylic acid group
D) through a hydrolysis reaction
3) Below are the structures of three fatty acids, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid. What
combination of these fatty acids could you use to make a fat that is liquid at room temperature?
A) one palmitic acid, one stearic acid, and one oleic acid
B) three palmitic acids
C) two palmitic acids and one stearic acid
D) one stearic acid, one oleic acid, and one phosphate group
4) Below is a molecule of caffeine. Which of the following features are not present in a molecule
of caffeine?
A) a carbonyl group
B) a carboxyl group
C) a methyl group
D) one or more double bonds
5) Below is a nutrition facts label for one cup of whole cow’s milk. Which of the following is
most abundant by weight in one cup of whole milk? (1000 mg = 1 g)
A) the total amount of lipids
B) polysaccharides
C) monosaccharides
D) protein
3.3 Scenario Questions
After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
You’re the manager of a factory that produces enzyme-washed blue jeans (the enzymes lighten
the color of the denim, giving a “faded” appearance). When the most recent batch of fabric came
out of the enzyme wash, however, the color wasn’t light enough to meet your standards. Your
quality control laboratory wants to do some tests to determine why the wash enzymes didn’t
perform as expected.
1) Which hypothesis is most likely to be productive for their initial investigation?
A) The nucleotide chain of the enzymes may be incorrectly formed.
B) The dye in the fabric may have hydrolyzed the fatty acids in the enzymes.
C) The three-dimensional structure of the proteins may have been altered.
D) There may not have been enough phospholipids for the volume of fabric.
2) Based on your understanding of enzyme structure, which of the following would you
recommend that they also investigate?
A) the temperature of the liquid in the washing vat
B) the manufacturer of the fabric
C) how long the fabric has been in storage
D) the primary structure of the enzyme
3) Which of the following experiments would be best for testing the hypothesis that the enzymes
did not perform as expected because the temperature was too high?
A) Produce one batch of blue jeans with twice as much enzyme as another batch of blue jeans
while keeping the temperature the same, then compare how the lightness of the blue jeans varies
between batches.
B) Produce multiple batches of blue jeans at several different temperatures but with the same
enzyme concentration and then compare how the lightness of the blue jeans varies between
batches.
C) Produce multiple batches of blue jeans at several different temperatures and with different
enzyme concentrations and then compare how the lightness of the blue jeans varies between
batches.
D) Produce one batch of blue jeans at a high temperature without the enzyme and another batch
of blue jeans at a low temperature with the enzyme and then compare how the lightness of the
blue jeans varies between batches.
4) If you could design a modified version of the enzyme to ensure that it would function
optimally in the harsh conditions of the washing vat (such as high temperature or high pH),
which of the following could you do to achieve this goal?
A) Add more amino acids to the end of the protein to make it more hydrophobic.
B) Change the amino acid sequence slightly to ensure a more stable tertiary structure.
C) Remove some amino acids from the start of the protein to strengthen its secondary structure.
D) Change the amino acid sequence drastically to give the enzyme quaternary structure.
After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
Your first big biology exam is coming up in a few days, and in order to prepare for late-night
study sessions, you buy a box of Yummies, a delicious type of snack cake. After checking out
the nutrition facts label on the side of the box, you discover that a single Yummie cake contains
4.5 grams of total fat, 27 grams of carbohydrate, 0 grams of fiber, and 1 gram of protein.
5) After eating a Yummie cake, what molecule do you expect to be most abundant in your
digestive system?
A) amino acids
B) monosaccharides
C) cellulose
D) triglycerides
6) After eating a Yummie cake, which of the following metabolic processes is likely occurring at
the fastest rate?
A) hydrolysis of glycogen
B) dehydration reactions involving glucose
C) dehydration reactions involving fatty acids
D) hydrolysis of cellulose
7) The pH of the stomach is extremely acidic (~ pH 2). If you ate a Yummie cake, what do you
think would happen to the protein that you ingested as it passes through the stomach?
A) The protein would become denatured due to the acidic environment.
B) The protein would form longer proteins via dehydration reactions.
C) The protein would speed up digestion because it is an enzyme.
D) The protein would get broken down via dehydration reactions.