1.Anarchaeologicalsiteisanyplacewhere:​
a.​materialevidenceaboutthehumanpastexistsinaburiedcontext.
b.​artifactsexistalongsidemoresubstantialarchaeologicalremains,suchasstructures.
c.​aconcentrationofmaterialevidenceexistsaboutthehumanpast.
d.​materialevidenceaboutthehumanpasthasbeendiscoveredbysystematicarchaeologicalsurvey.
2.ThediscoveryofGatecliffShelterinNevadawasinpartaresultof:​
a.​old-fashioned“gumshoesurvey.”
b.​thedetailedknowledgeofthelandscapethatmanyofthecrewmemberspossessed.
c.​thefactthattheshelterwasalocalattraction,well-knownbythepeopleofAustin.
d.​oraltraditionsthathadpasseddownthroughthegenerations.
3.“Gumshoesurvey”isagoodwayto:​
a.​findrareorspectacularsites.
b.​findcommonsitessuchassmalllithicorpotsherdscatters.
c.​providethecontextnecessaryforinterpretingrareorspectacularsites.
d.​obtaina100%reconnaissanceofaparticularregion.
4.Archaeologistsemploysystematicregionalsurveysmainlyto:​
a.​discovergoodplacestoexcavate.
b.​arriveataccuratedescriptionsoftherangeofarchaeologicalmaterialacrossalandscape.
c.​verifythatextensivegeographicregionswereunoccupiedprehistorically.
d.​maintaintheirfundingfromacademicinstitutions.
5.Asettlementpatternisthe:​
a.​distributionofarchaeologicalsitesacrossaregion.
b.​movementsandactivitiesofaprehistoricpopulation,inferredfromthedistributionofarchaeologicalsites
acrossaregion.
c.​samethingasaseasonalround.
d.​patternofartifactswithinanarchaeologicalsitethatresultsfromthesettlementofaprehistoricpopulationat
thatsite.
6.Ifanarchaeologistexcavatesonearchaeologicalsite,andmakesgeneralizationsabouttheprehistoricsocietyasa
wholefromwhatheorshefindsatthatonesite,thenthegeneralizationswillmostlikelybe:​
a.​applicabletothesocietyasawholeaslongastheexcavatedsitewasa“typical”site.
b.​applicabletothesocietyasawholeaslongasthesocietyconsistedofhunter-gatherersratherthan
agriculturalists.
c.​applicabletothesocietyasawholeaslongasthesocietyconsistedofagriculturalistsratherthanhunter-
gatherers.
d.​biased,representingonlypartoftherangeofactivitiesthatthesocietywasinvolvedin.
7.Whichofthefollowingitemswouldnotbeusefultoanarchaeologistonsurvey?​
a.​Graphpaper
b.​Acompass
c.​Atapemeasureincentimeters
d.​Flashlight
8.Whichofthefollowingisnotbasictothereasonswhyarchaeologistsconductrandomsampling?​
a.​Withoutrandomsamplingthesampleswouldbebiased,withcertainpartsofthesampleover-orunder-
represented,andthereforethefinalresultswouldbebiased.
b.​Randomsamplingprovidestheonlywayforarchaeologiststocollectmeaningfulnegativeevidence.
c.​Randomsamplingallowsstatisticalanalysis.
d.​Eachsitedoesnothaveanequalchanceofbeingincludedinthesample.
9.IfthehypothesisthatthewetlandsoftheCarsondeserthadbeenthefocusofasedentarysettlementsystemwas
correct,thenThomasandKellyshouldhavefound:​
a.​small,sparsesettlementsinthewetlands,andmoreintensiveresourceutilizationofsurroundingareas.
b.​densescattersofwasteflakesandbrokentools,orotherremainsofvillagesoccupiedforyearsatatime,in
thewetlands.
c.​mostlyprojectilepointsinthewetlands,withlittleornoaccompanyingwasteflakes.
d.​abundantmanosandmetatesinthepinon-juniperforests.
10.WhatdidThomasandKellylearnfromtheCarson-Stillwatersurvey?​
a.​Thehypothesisthatwetlandshadbeenthefocusofasedentarysettlementsystemcouldnotberejected.
b.​Thehypothesisthatthewetlandwasonlyonestoponaseasonalroundthatincludedthepinonforestscould
notberejected.
c.​NeitherhypothesiswasabletoprovideanadequatereconstructionofprehistoricCarsonDesertand
StillwaterMountainsettlementsystems;bothwerethereforerejected.
d.​Neitherhypothesiscouldberejected,thusshowingthattheirsamplingdesignwasinherentlyflawed.
11.IntheSmithsoniansitenumber26CH798,thenumber“26”standsforthe:​
a.​numberofthecounty(arrangedalphabetically)inwhichthesiteislocated.
b.​numberofthestate(arrangedalphabetically)inwhichthesiteislocated.
c.​site’ssequentialnumberwithinthecountyinwhichitislocated(inotherwords,itwasthe26thsiterecorded
inthecounty).
d.​typeofsiteitis(e.g.,alithicscatter,ceramicscatter,pueblo,etc.).
12.Oncearchaeologistsdecideontheirsurveysampleuniverse,theymustthendecideonthesamplefraction.The
samplefractionis:​
a.thepercentageofthesampleuniversethatissurveyed.
b.​surveyunitsofastandardsizeandshape,determinedbytheresearchquestionsandpracticalconsiderations.
c.​theregionthatcontainsthestatisticalpopulationandthatwillbesampled.
d.asurveyuniversethathasbeendividedintoseveralsub-universes.
13.AUTMgridisnot:​
a.​agridthatdividestheworldinto1×1metersquares.
b.​thesamethingsasaUniversalTranverseMercatorgrid.
c.​veryusefulforarchaeologicalsurvey.
d.​withoutameanstodesignatenorthandeastcoordinates.
14.TheChacoexperiment,conductedbyJudge,Hitchcock,andEbert,showedthatsurveysamplesare:​
a.​verygoodatrecordingthegeneralcharacterofaregion.
b.​notverygoodatfindingtheuniqueorraresitesofaregion.
c.​verygoodatrecordingthegeneralcharacterofaregionandnotverygoodatfindingtheuniqueorraresites
ofaregion.
d.​verygoodatfindingboththesitesthatrepresentthegeneralcharacterofaregion,aswellastheuniqueor
raresites.
15.Thequalityofinformationcollectedthroughsurveycannotbedirectlyaffectedbythe:​
a.​samplingstrategy.
b.​workingconditions.
c.​transectinterval.
d.​ageofarchaeologist.
16.Deflationis:​
a.​aculturalprocesswherebyonepopulation’stechnologybecomesadoptedbyanotherpopulationina
differentgeographicregion.
b.​ageologicprocesswherebyfinesedimentisblownawaybythewindandlargeritemsareloweredontoa
commonsurface.
c.​anarchaeologicalphenomenoninwhichexcavationsproducefewerandfewerartifactswithincreasing
depth.
d.​ageologicprocessthatresultsinrapidandcompleteburialofmaterialremains.
17.Archaeologicalsitesaredefinedonthegroundby:​
a.​asetofobjectiveproceduresusedbyallarchaeologiststoensurestandardizationacrossthediscipline.
b.​oftensubjectiveinterpretationsofartifactdensity.
c.​determiningtheboundariesofthediscretebehavioralentitiesrepresentedbythesite.
d.​theentiresurveyunit.
18.Non-sitearchaeologyis:​
a.​analysisofarchaeologicalpatternsonaregionalscale,ratherthanofpatternswithinasinglesite.
b.​analysisofsmall-scalepatternsofartifactdistribution,suchasthosefromasinglesite.
c.​themostcommontypeofarchaeologypracticedtoday;archaeologistshavelargelyabandonedtheconcept
ofa“site.”
d.​usefulwhendealingwithfairlysmallareas,butbecomesimpracticalonthescaleofkilometers.
19.Archaeologicalshovel-testingis:​
a.​adestructivesurveytechniquethatarchaeologistsnolongeruse.
b.​animportantmethodofidentifyingsitesinareascharacterizedbysoilbuildup.
c.​animportantmethodofidentifyingsitesinareascharacterizedbydeflation.
d.​onlynecessaryinagriculturalregionswherearchaeologistsmustsurvey.plow-zones.
20.Remotesensingis:​
a.​theuseofmethodsthatemploysomeformofelectromagneticenergytodetectandmeasurecharacteristics
ofanarchaeologicalsite.
b.​anytechniquethatiscapableofsubsurfaceexplorationwithlittletonodisturbance.
c.​atechniquethatinvolvesaerialphotographyand/ortheuseofcolorinfraredfilm.
d.​anytechniquethatmeasuresgeophysicalfeaturesonthescaleofhundredstothousandsofmeters.
21.Theusefulnessofaerialphotographyforarchaeology:​
a.​wasnotrecognizeduntilthe1960s,duringthedevelopmentofthe“NewArchaeology.”
b.islimitedtotimesofcloudcoverorhaze.
c.​islimitedtophotographstakenatveryhighelevations,sincethisiswhereresolutionisgreatest.
d.​liesinthefactthataerialphotographscanshowfeaturesthataretooindistinctortoolargetodiscernfrom
theground.
22.WhichofthefollowingtechniqueswasusedbyNASAinthe1980stohelpidentifythevastnetworkofChacoan
roadsinthesouthwesternUnitedStates?​
a.​Groundpenetratingradar
b.​Soilresistivity
c.​Thermalinfraredmultispectralscanning(TIMS)
d.​Aerialphotography
23.WhichofthefollowingistrueabouttheancientChacoanroadsystem?​
a.​Althoughoncethoughttobeanextensivenetworkofroads,aerialphotographyhasshowntheroadstobe
muchlessextensivethaninitiallybelieved.
b.​Althoughoncethoughttobeanextensivenetworkofroads,aerialphotographyhasshownthattheywere
notroads,butwereinfactpartofavastcanalsystem.
c.​Itwasanelaborateandextensivenetworkofroads,coveringmorethan250,000squarekilometerswithin
NewMexico,Arizona,Colorado,andUtah.
d.​Wenowknowthattheywerebuiltstrictlyforeconomicpurposes,tomovegoodstomarketsinChaco
Canyon.
24.Whichofthefollowingisnotusedasnon-invasive,belowgroundarchaeologicalsurveytechniques?​
a.​Aerialphotography
b.​Protonmagnetometer
c.​Groundpenetratingradar
d.​Excavation
25.YouaresurveyingintheNearEastforarchaeologicalsites,andcomeuponseveralartifactsonthegroundsurface.
Historicaldocumentssuggesttherewasonceatempleinthisarea.Youthinkyouhavefoundthesite.Becauseof
thesacrednatureofthesite,youdecidetoexcavatetheleastamountpossibleandthuswanttoknowwherethe
templeliesbeforegettingouttheshovels.Howmightyoumapthesitewithoutexcavatingit?​
a.​Usegroundpenetratingradartodetectthewalls.
b.​Useaerialphotographytodetecttheoutline.
c.​Userandomsamplingtoexcavateaseriesoftestpitsacrossthesite.
d.​Usegroundpenetratingradaroraerialphotographydependingontheirpotentialutilityinthisspecificcase.
26.TIMS(ThermalInfraredMultispectralScanner)canlocatesubsurfacestructuresby:​
a.​usingradarbeams;hardburiedsurfacesreflectmoreenergythansoftersurfaces.
b.​trackinghowsubsurfacestructuresaffectsurfacethermalradiation.
c.​measuringmagneticanomaliescausedbyburnedsubsurfacestructures.
d.​monitoringtheelectricalresistanceofsoilsnearburiedstructures.
27.Aprotonprecessionmagnetometerisusefulforidentifyingsubsurfacemagneticanomalies.Suchmagnetic
anomaliescanindicateallofthefollowingexcept:​
a.​thepresenceofsubsurfaceartifacts.
b.​archaeologicallyirrelevantmagnetic“noise.”
c.​burnedstructures.
d.​ancienthunterseasonalrounds.
28.ThestoryofthesearchfortheMissionSantaCatalinaillustrates:​
a.​theutilityofprotonprecessionmagnetometryforfindingburiedstructures.
b.​thatsoilresistivitysurvey,whilesometimesuseful,isextremelyproblematicasitisaffectedbysoilwetness.
c.​thatground-penetratingradarwasnotusefulduetotheshallowly-buriedbedrockonSt.Catherine’sIsland.
d.​howanot-for-profitgroupdoesnotsponsoracomprehensiveprogramofresearchandconservation.
29.Theresultofonlylookingin“logical’placesinasurveyisthatwewill:​
a.​notbiasthesample.
b.​notbiasthereconstructionofthepast.
c.​biasthesample.
d.​notbeconductingarchaeology.
30.Archaeologistsconductsurveysbecause:​
a.​onesitecanrevealeverythingaboutanancientsociety.
b.​archeologistsdonottrustotherarchaeologists.
c.​nosinglesiterevealseverythingaboutanancientsociety.
d.​fundingpermitsconductingsurveys.
31.Whatlimitssurfacesurveys?​
a.​Surveycannotrevealraresites.
b.​Surveycannotreplaceexcavation.
c.​Surveycanonlyfindwhatliesontheground.
d.​SurveycannotbeusedinassociationwithGIS.
32.Inordertounderstandthepast,weneedtoexaminetherangeofplaceswhereancientpeopleslived.Hunter-
gathers’patternofmovementonthelandscapeisreferredtoas:​
a.​ecologicaladaptation.
b.​seasonalround.
c.​maptriangles.
d.​archeologicalround.
33.Manoisatermthatreferstoa:​
a.​fist-sizedround,flat,handheldstoneusedforgrindingfoods.
b.​large,flatstoneusedasastationarysurfaceuponwhichseeds,tuber,andnutsareground.
c.​settlementwherethereisevidenceofhunting.
d.​settlementwherethereisevidenceofgathering.
34.Whenwesaystatisticalpopulationwemean:​
a.​arangeofarchaeologicalmaterialacrossalandscape.
b.​asetofcounts,measurements,orcharacteristicsaboutwhichrelevantinquiriesaretobemade.
c.​theregionthatwillbesampled.
d.​thedemographiccountofasite.
35.Astratifiedrandomsampleis:​
a.​asurveyuniversedividedintoseveralsub-universes.
b.​asurveyuniversethatisnotdividedintosub-universes.
c.​asurveyuniversethatcannotbegivenaSmithsoniannumber.
d.​anineffectivewaytogatherandrecordinformationaboutsites.
36.GlobalPositioningSystemsoperate:​
a.​bypickingupcontinuouslybroadcastsignalsfromatleastfoursatellites.
b.​inadequatelyandthereforearenotaccurateforarchaeologicalwork.
c.​tooexpensivelytoaidmostattemptsatarcheologicalinquiry.
d.​byrelyinguponelectricmonitoringstations.
37.Georeferencedmeans:​
a.​dataisinputtoaGISdatabaseusingacommonmappingreference.
b.​dataismappedbyhandusingtopographicmaps.
c.​dataismappedinrelationshiptogeologicalfeatures.
d.​dataisscannedusinggroundpenetratingradar(GPR).
38.Inlandscapearcheology,theterm“landscape”means​
a.​Topographicfeatures.
b.​Materialmanifestationsoftherelationbetweenhumansandtheirenvironments.
c.​Plantremains.
d.​Geologicalformations.
39.AsaresultofKantner’sworkatChacoCanyon,itwasdeterminedthat:​
a.smallstoneshrinesdonotoccur.​
b.​peopledidnotusepredictedfootpathsonaregularbasis.
c.​largecircularstoneshireswerealmostalwaysfoundwiththeroads,notthepredictedpathways.
d.​roadsdidnotservesimplyaspartoftheChacoaneconomy.
40.Manyimportantarchaeologicalsiteshavebeenfoundbyranchers,cowboys,farmers,sheepherders,andamateur
archaeologists.​
a.True
b.False
41.Archaeologicalsitesaregenerallynamedafterthearchaeologistswhodiscoveredthem.​
a.True
b.False
42.Themaingoalofarchaeologicalsurveyistodiscovergoodplacestoexcavate.​
a.True
b.False
43.Surfacesitesencounteredonarchaeologicalsurveyaregenerallynotrecordedbecausetheylackthecontextual
relationshipsnecessarytoestablishsolidchronologies.​
a.True
b.False
44.“UTM”standsfor“UniversalTransverseMercator”,agridsystemwherenorthandeastcoordinatesprovidea
locationanywhereintheworld.​
a.True
b.False
45.Anarchaeologist’sresearchquestionisamajorfactorindeterminingthesizeandshapeofasurveyarea.​
a.True
b.False
46.Areaswithlotsofvariabilityinarchaeologicalremainsrequiresmallersamplefractionsthandoareasoflow
variability.​
a.True
b.False
47.Evenifaneffectivesamplingstrategyhasbeenimplemented,thequalityofanarchaeologicalsurveycanstillbe
affectedbyfactorslikeuncomfortableworkingconditionsorterrain.​
a.True
b.False
48.Non-sitearchaeologyfocusesonpatternsofartifactsfromwithinasinglesite,ratherthanonregionalpatterns.​
a.True
b.False
49.TIMS(ThermalInfraredMultispectralScanning)isonlyusefulwhenconductedatextremelyhighaltitudeson
cloudlessdays.​
a.True
b.False
50.Soilresistivityworksbymeasuringtheamountofresistanceradarwavesencounterastheymovebelowthe
ground.​
a.True
b.False
51.Today’sarchaeologystudentshouldhaveatleastsomeknowledgeofGIS(geographicinformationsystems).​
a.True
b.False
52.GIS(geographicinformationsystems)allowsarchaeologiststoquicklyanswermanyspatialquestionswhose
answerswouldotherwisebetootime-consumingtocalculate.​
a.True
b.False
53.Remotesensingtechniqueswillprobablycompletelyreplacearchaeologicalexcavationinthenearfuture.​
a.True
b.False
54.WhileGIShassomepracticalarchaeologicalapplications,itisrarelyusedinarchaeologytodaybecauseitiscostly
andrequiresspecializedtraining.​
a.True
b.False
55.Describethedifferentwaysinwhicharchaeologicalsitesarefound.Whatroledonon-archaeologistsplayinthe
discoveryofsites?​
56.Whyistheconceptofthe“typicalsite”afallacy?​
57.Whydoarchaeologistsconductarchaeologicalsurveys?Whatkindofinformationcanbegainedfromsurveys?
Whyisthisinformationimportant?Whatfactorscanaffectthequalityofinformationgainedbysurvey?​
58.Whatisstatisticalsampling?Whyisitimportantinarchaeologicalsurvey?Whatisastatisticalpopulation?Whatis
asampleuniverse?​
59.WhatdidThomasandKellylearnfromtheCarson-Stillwatersurvey?Howdidtheylearnthis?Describetheir
surveydesign.Howdidtheirsurveydesignrelatetotheirresearchquestion?​
60.Howdoarchaeologistsdetermineasurveysamplefraction?Underwhatconditionsarelargersamplefractions
required?Howaresamplesactuallyacquired?Whataresampleunits?Howaresampleunitsdefined?​
61.Whatitemsareimportanttobringwithyouonanarchaeologicalsurvey?Whyaretheyimportant?​
62.Dosurveysamplesadequatelycharacterizearegion’ssurfacearchaeology?Howdoweknowthis?​
63.Whyistherenoonerightwaytoconductanarchaeologicalsurvey?Whatwouldbesomewrongways?What
factorsshouldinfluencethedesignofasurvey?​
64.Listanddescribeboththeadvantagesandlimitationsofnoninvasivearchaeology.Whyarenoninvasiveremote-
sensingmethodsimportantfortoday’sconservation-mindedarchaeology?​
65.Howcanremotesensingtechniquesprovidearchaeologicalinformationthatmightotherwisebeunavailable?​
66.Whatisprotonmagnetometry?Howisthisremotesensingtechniqueusefulforarchaeologists?Inwhatconditions
doesprotonmagnetometryworkbest?Whatconditionsmighthamperitseffectiveness?​
67.Whatisasoilresistivitysurvey?Howisthisremotesensingtechniqueusefulforarchaeologists?Inwhatconditions
doessoilresistivityworkbest?Whatconditionsmighthamperitseffectiveness?​
68.Whatisground-penetratingradar?Howisthisremotesensingtechniqueusefulforarchaeologists?Inwhat
conditionsdoesgroundpenetratingradarworkbest?Whatconditionsmighthamperitseffectiveness?​
69.Whatislandscapearchaeology?Whatarchaeologicalquestionscanbeaddressedusinglandscapearchaeology?
HowisGISusefultolandscapearchaeology?​
70.WhatisGIS?HowisGISusefulforarchaeologytoday?Provideexamplesofsomeofthearchaeologicalquestions
thatcanbeansweredusingGIS.​
71.Howhastheuseofgeographicinformationsystems(GIS)changedthefieldofarchaeology?Inwhatwayshasit
enabledthenewapproachoflandscapearchaeology?​
72.UsingtheChacoroadsystemasanexample,explaintheuseoftraditionalandmoderntechniquesincolleting
archaeologicaldata?Isonemethodpreferredovertheother?Willmoderntechniquesreplacetraditionalmethods?​