CHAPTER 3: UNDERSTANDING AND INVOLVING THE COMMUNITY
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Restorative justice can be traced back to:
a.
English Common Law.
b.
Code of Hammurabi.
c.
William the Conqueror.
d.
Sir Alfred the Great.
2. What city, in 1985, hosted its first citizen police academy?
a.
Washington, DC
b.
Los Angeles, California
c.
Minneapolis, Minnesota
d.
Orlando, Florida
3. According to the text, public peace is established by:
a.
the U.S. Constitution and Bill
b.
federal and state statutes.
c.
the social contract. of Rights.
d.
all of the above
4. The social contract:
a.
means that, in a free society, people can do exactly as they please.
b.
has been weakened by increased mobility and economic factors.
c.
is dependent upon the government to support.
d.
is a redistribution of accountability and authority.
5. The social contract:
a.
provides that each person must give up some freedom.
b.
provides that, in a free society, people can do everything they want without restriction.
c.
has been weakened by increased mobility and economic factors.
d.
both b and c
6. Community, as defined by the text:
a.
applies only to neighborhoods where people know each other by name.
b.
develops only after crime is totally eradicated from that specific neighborhood.
c.
applies to a specific area and the individuals, organizations, and agencies in that area.
d.
all of the above
7. Coleman saw the two most important elements in social capital as being:
a.
commitment and collaboration.
b.
safety and security.
c.
enforcement and control.
d.
trustworthiness and obligations.
8. The broken windows phenomenon signifies:
a.
that people don’t care about the neighborhood.
b.
an impending crime wave.
c.
an ineffective police force.
d.
all of the above
9. A neighborhood that objects to the placement of a homeless shelter within it provides an example of:
a.
diversion.
b.
plea bargaining.
c.
NIMBY.
d.
diffusion.
10. If police expect to maintain order, they must maintain effective interactions with all of the following
community organizations and institutions except:
a.
schools in the community.
b.
the Department of Human Services.
c.
health care providers.
d.
defense attorneys.
11. A sense of community can be undermined by:
a.
increased violent crime.
b.
clashes between community groups.
c.
severe social disorganization.
d.
all of the above
12. Operating within each community is a power structure that can enhance or endanger:
a.
political groups.
b.
neighborhood watch groups.
c.
ethnic groups.
d.
police–community relations.
13. According to the text, plea bargaining, diversion, community alternatives to prison, capital
punishment, and victim’s rights are:
a.
controversial issues in the criminal justice system that affect police–community
-partnerships.
b.
issues within a police officer’s appropriate sphere of action.
c.
proven methods of eliminating crime.
d.
sustainable communities.
14. The system that tries to keep juvenile status offenders and delinquents from the court’s -jurisdiction is
called:
a.
bifurcation.
b.
rehabilitation.
c.
diversion.
d.
plea bargaining.
15. Teens, Crime, and the Community is a program that believes smarter youth make:
a.
stronger families.
b.
harder workers.
c.
less juvenile recidivism.
d.
safer communities.
16. According to the text, the importance of ___________ to all citizens is a central theme in the
discussion of community.
a.
corporate rights
b.
special rights
c.
individual rights
d.
community rights
17. When people do not care about their community, one of the signs of not caring would be:
a.
potholes.
b.
empty houses.
c.
broken windows.
d.
high traffic counts.
18. Displacement:
a.
often occurs in a community “soft” on crime.
b.
applies to criminal activity that has moved to a new location due to increased police
-presence.
c.
is linked to factors such as availability of jobs and level of education.
d.
all of the above
19. The point at which an ordinary, stable phenomenon can turn into a crisis is referred to as:
a.
flight point.
b.
tipping point.
c.
ethnic instability.
d.
turf war.
20. A community’s informal power structure includes all except:
a.
regulatory agencies.
b.
ethnic groups.
c.
political groups.
d.
religious assemblies.
21. Which of the following is an example cited by the text of how the security industry can assist law
enforcement?
a.
serve civil documents
b.
respond to burglar alarms
c.
assist with traffic control
d.
monitor community watch programs
22. A restorative justice model:
a.
views offenders as victims of society.
b.
insists that individuals are accountable to the victim and the victim’s community.
c.
is primarily concerned with ensuring a fair system.
d.
none of the above
23. The face of America is changing rapidly; in the next few years:
a.
the elderly population will decrease.
b.
white dominance will end; minorities will increase.
c.
the number of immigrants will decrease.
d.
all of the above
24. According to the text, civilian oversight is:
a.
a recent development in American policing, having first been used in the 1970s.
b.
becoming more prevalent.
c.
not accepted by police agencies.
d.
all of the above
25. According to the text, police opposition to civilian review boards occurs because:
a.
civilians can’t understand the complexities of police work.
b.
police are able to objectively review actions of their colleagues.
c.
it is a sign of distrust by the public to be reviewed by an outside source.
d.
police discipline is handled internally.
26. Who shares the same goals as law enforcement?
a.
citizens
b.
government
c.
private security
d.
all of the above
27. According to Coleman, the two most important elements in social capital are:
a.
honesty and integrity.
b.
crime and punishment.
c.
trustworthiness and obligations.
d.
public and private enforcement.
28. The ABP was formed as a mechanism to help:
a.
combat street-level drug dealing in middle-class neighborhoods.
b.
guard entrances to buildings and ask visitors to sign in.
c.
patrol the U.S. borders, finding and detaining illegal immigrants.
d.
walk the streets to deter prostitution.
29. The _________ includes divisions of society with wealth and political influence such as -federal, state,
and local agencies and governments; commissions; and regulatory agencies.
a.
criminal justice system
b.
informal power structure
c.
formal power structure
d.
none of the above
30. VIPS stands for:
a.
very important person security.
b.
volunteers in police service.
c.
volunteers in public service.
d.
none of the above
TRUE/FALSE
1. According to the text, citizens’ police academies are designed to familiarize citizens with law
enforcement.
2. In Zimbardo’s “broken windows” experiment, the car parked on an upscale street was left alone until it
was towed away.
3. Government policies can destroy social capital.
4. Some citizen review boards require police officials to sit on them as members, which may result in the
perception of impartiality.
5. A group of signs, causes, and symptoms that occur together to foster specific crimes is called the
NIMBY syndrome.
6. If the community is unresponsive, community policing cannot succeed, no matter how hard the police
work.
7. Citizens who demand to be involved in the review process maintain that internal police -discipline is
tantamount to allowing the “fox to investigate thefts in the chicken coop.”
8. Local police are usually happy to have the Guardian Angels in their community because they have a
calming effect on the areas they patrol.
9. The focus of restorative justice is on establishing blame and guilt.
10. A good relationship between private and public policing is important.
11. Citizen police academies train citizens to be police officers when the police are not -available.
12. According to the text, the “civic” generation born in the first third of the 20th century is -being
replaced by baby boomers and Generation X-ers who have been characterized as -being much more
civic-minded.
13. Networks that link individuals to various levels of government, including the police, would be
considered local social capital.
14. Increases in incivilities may increase the fear of crime and reduce citizens’ sense of safety.
15. Ghettos are the focus of many anticrime efforts, which is perceived as a bias on the part of law
enforcement.
16. Most communities have only a formal power structure.
17. Citizen patrols are a twentieth-century phenomenon.
18. Improving the image of the police and increasing the public’s willingness to cooperate is a positive
outcome of citizen police academies.
19. A theory called “the ecology of crime” explains how criminal opportunities are created in
neighborhoods.
20. According to the text, law enforcement frequently works with the Guardian Angels to help protect
citizens from criminal activity.
SHORT ANSWER
1. The “_________________” is the point at which an ordinary, stable phenomenon can turn into a crisis.
2. A _________________ is an area of a city usually inhabited by individuals of the same race or ethnic
background who live in poverty and, to outsiders, apparent social disorganization.
3. NIMBY stands for _________________.
4. When prosecutors charge a defendant with a lesser charge in exchange for a guilty plea, it is called
_________________.
5. Cracking down on crime often results in _________________, the relocation of crime and criminals to
neighboring areas outside the enforcement zone.
6. The approach to sentencing that holds offenders accountable not to the state but to the victim harmed
and the community that has been disrupted is _________________ justice.
7. The widening of the gap between those with wealth (the “haves”) and those living in poverty (the
“have–nots”), with a shrinking middle class, is known as a _________________
8. According to the text, The Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) is -committed to
promoting law enforcement – _________________ partnerships.
9. The _________________ includes divisions of society with wealth and political influence such as
federal, state, and local agencies and governments, commissions, and regulatory agencies.
10. According to the text, _________________ along with the police plays a major role in -safeguarding
Americans and their property.
11. The _________________ provides that for everyone to receive justice, each person must relinquish
some freedom.
12. The _________________ refers to a striking decline in social capital and civic engagement in the
United States.
13. _________________ is a system that removes juvenile status offenders and delinquents from the
jurisdiction of the courts.
14. Incivilities and social disorder occur when _________________ have eroded.
ESSAY
1. Explain the concept of social capital and discuss the community factors that affect it.
2. Discuss the differences between the traditional retributive approach to justice and restorative justice.
3. Outline and discuss the arguments on both sides of the citizen review debate—those favoring civilian
review and those opposed to it. Can a balance be reached? Support your answer.
4. List and describe, as listed in the text, activities commonly performed by citizen patrols.
5. Describe and explain formal and informal power structure in most communities.