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53. Deferred prosecution programs appear to be a good option for most first offenders because they avoid the
stigma of a criminal record and reduce the volume of persons going through the criminal justice process.
a.
True
b.
False
54. Probation is used only with petty offenders.
a.
True
b.
False
55. In some states, juries may also recommend probation if the case meets legally regulated criteria.
a.
True
b.
False
56. Courts in states with determinate sentencing typically use probation more frequently than do courts in states
with indeterminate sentencing.
a.
True
b.
False
57. Probationers account for more than 50 percent of the correctional growth since 1990.
a.
True
b.
False
58. A risk management correctional system is more focused on providing treatment services for offenders than
regulating or controlling them.
a.
True
b.
False
59. Assignment of probation to the executive branch on a statewide basis allows for uniform standards of policy
making.
a.
True
b.
False
60. Today, all states utilize private probation services of low-risk offenders.
a.
True
b.
False
61. In most states, a PSI report must be prepared regardless of whether the offender is eligible for probation.
a.
True
b.
False
62. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that probationers are entitled to the same constitutional protections as
other citizens.
a.
True
b.
False
63. Revocation of probation because of a new crime is referred to as a technical violation.
a.
True
b.
False
64.
All 50 states now impose some form of fee on probationers to defray the cost of probation and other community
programs.
a.
True
b.
False
65. Recidivism rates are low among those placed on probation for a misdemeanor.
a.
True
b.
False
66.
Under intensive probation, a probationer is supervised far more strictly than under standard services.
a.
True
b.
False
67. Gender appears to affect probationer’s effectiveness.
a.
True
b.
False
68. Shock probation calls for the shock of a few weeks in prison for a first-time offender followed by a standard term of
probation.
a.
True
b.
False
69. ____________________ was designed to require sex offenders to register with local law enforcement
agencies.
70. A ____________________ is when judges were allowed to suspend punishment so offenders could seek a
pardon or gather evidence that they were reformed.
71. ____________________ was a practice that permitted convicted offenders to remain free if they agreed to
take care of their debt obligation with the state.
72. ____________________ is credited with the creation of probation in Boston in 1785.
73. State-based acts that subsidize diversion of minor offenders from state prisons are
____________________.
74. ____________________ takes place when an offender is referred to a program and the completion of this
program will enable him or her to avoid criminal prosecution.
75. The ____________________ program is the most widespread of the various national programs that have
been designed to divert drug abusers away from the criminal justice system and into the jurisdiction of agencies
offering specialized support services
76. Financial ____________________ is the payment of a sum of money by an offender either to the victim or
to a public fund for victims of crime.
77. ____________________ requires an offender to perform a certain number of work hours at a private
nonprofit or government agency.
78. A correctional system that is focused more on regulating and controlling offenders than on providing
treatment or services for them is referred to as a ____________________.
79. The basic functions of a probation officer’s job include supervision, investigation, and
____________________.
80. A ____________________ helps the court decide whether to grant probation and helps determine the
conditions of probation.
81. A violation of the rules or terms of probation or the commitment of a new crime can result in
____________________ of probation.
82. A ____________________ occurs when a probationer violates one of the rules of probation, such as not
meeting with his or her probation officer.
83. In ____________________, the Court ruled that the probation officer–client relationship is not
confidential, as attorney–client or physician–patient relationships are.
84. In ____________________, the Court upheld the legality of a warrantless search of a probationer’s home
for the purposes of gathering criminal evidence.
85. In ____________________, the Court held that both probationers and parolees have a constitutionally
limited right to counsel in revocation proceedings.
86. In _________________________, the Court ruled that a judge cannot revoke a defendant’s probation for
failure to pay a fine and make restitution.
87. A ____________________ is a sentence that delays conviction on a guilty plea until the sentenced offender
has successfully served his or her probation term.
88. A ____________________ requires an offender to spend a period of time in jail before being placed on
probation in the community.
89. Under ____________________, a probationer is supervised far more strictly than under standard services.
90. Explain community corrections acts and their common characteristics.
91. What are the goals of diversion programs?
92. Discuss the TASC program.
93. Discuss the probation population in the United States today. Specifically, discuss who is more likely to be
on probation, what offenses are probationers more likely to have committed, and what states have the majority
of probationers.
94. Discuss Feeley and Simon’s “new penology.”
95. Discuss at least two pros and two cons of a locally operated probation department.
96. Discuss the three basic functions of an adult probation officer.
97. What are the usual six categories in a presentence investigation report?
98. Discuss probation revocation and the four cases where the Supreme Court provided procedural safeguards to
apply at proceedings to revoke probation.
99. What are three ideas discussed in the text that can improve the effectiveness of probation?
100. Discuss some of the contemporary approaches with probation due to increased caseloads and fewer
probationers.
