Test Bank
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CHAPTER 3—LEARNING AND HRD
TRUE/FALSE
1. Trainability is influenced by all of the following factors: motivation, ability and your level of education:
2. Learning is defined as a permanent change in behavior, cognition or affect.
3. Learning is defined a short-term change in behavior:
4. Overlearning – learning something beyond the point of mastery is always a waste of time.
5. Component task achievement means that each task must be fully completed before the entire task is performed correctly.
6. Experiencing negative events on the job prior to training can have a negative impact on a person’s performance in a training
program.
7. Interference refers to things you learned before the training session or information received after the training.
8. An example of stimulus variability would be allowing the trainees to practice on different types of stoves they may be asked to
cook on at work.
9. ATI is the attitude treatment interaction theory
10. Gerontology is the study of old age and aging.
11. Declarative knowledge is forming a mental representation of the task.
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12. Expert performance is being very good at almost everything
13. Practice alone will make for a strong association.
14. Cognitive architecture is the only determinant of how people process information.
15. If a trainee views training as a remedial event they will learn less than if they view it as an opportunity to advance.
16. Experiencing negative events on the job prior to training will always decrease a trainee’s motivation to learn.
17. Individuals with low levels of cognitive playfulness are more affected by positive feedback than individuals with
high levels of cognitive playfulness.
18. Feedback can be both informational and knowledge forming.
19. ACT* theory assumes that the learning process is the same regardless of the material being learned.
20. Gagne’s five categories of human performance are all pretty much the same, just with different names.
21. Kolb’s Learning style inventory assess an individual’s orientation towards each of four modes of the learning
process.
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MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. When learning a new language, pairing a new word with a picture of an object is an example of:
a.
The law of effect
c.
Reinforcement
b.
Contiguity
d.
Practice
2. Trainability is thought to be influenced by all of the following factors EXCEPT:
a.
the ability of trainees
b.
perceptions of the supportiveness of the work environment
c.
the ability of the trainer to effectively communicate the content of training
d.
the motivation level of trainees
3. Gagne argued that training could be improved using 3 principles. They are:
a.
Task association, component task achievement, task sequencing
b.
Task analysis, component task achievement, task spacing
c.
Task analysis, component task achievement, task sequencing
d.
Task analysis, component task analysis, task sequencing
4. A student who studied for this exam for two hours a day for four days would most clearly be using (or demonstrating):
a.
whole learning
c.
Overlearning
b.
spaced practice
d.
massed practice
5. Describing the learning goal, analyzing the initial state of the learner, finding out what will let the trainer learn and monitoring
and assessing progress are part of what field of learning?
a.
Social psychology
c.
Organizational behavior
b.
Educational psychology
d.
Instructional psychology
6. The extent to which a trainee can attach a similar meaning to events that occur both in the training session, as well as on the job,
is called ______________ fidelity.
a.
environmental
c.
physical
b.
psychological
d.
marital
7. Suppose an attribute-treatment interaction was found between the type of computer training provided (lecture versus self-paced)
and the learning styles of different trainees. In particular, trainees who were strong in Abstract Conceptualization (AC) did much
better in the self-paced training than did trainees who scored lower on this attribute. Based on this, if the trainer wants the most
effective outcomes possible, which of the following statements is TRUE?
a.
all trainees should receive lecture-based training
b.
all trainees should receive self-paced training
c.
trainees who score low on AC should not be placed in the self-paced training
condition
d.
trainees who score low on AC should not be placed in the lecture-based training
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8. Active practice involves
a.
The trainee repeatedly performing the task to be learned
b.
The trainee mentally rehearsing what is being learned
c.
Both A & B are active practice
d.
Neither A or B is active practice
9. Mental practice involves
a.
The trainee repeatedly performing the task to be learned
b.
The trainee mentally rehearsing what is being learned
c.
Both A & B are mental practice
d.
Neither A or B is mental practice
10. Research has shown that:
a.
Only active practice can help learning
b.
Mental practice is not does not help learning
c.
Mental practice is effective for both cognitive an physical tasks
d.
Practice simply does not help learning
11. Conducting an 8 hour training program in 4 sessions of 2 hours each over a period of 4 days is an example of:
a.
Overlearning
c.
b.
Active practice
d.
12. Conducting an 8 hour training program in one 8-hour session starting at 8 am and going until 5 PM (1 hour for lunch) is an
example of:
a.
Overlearning
c.
b.
Active practice
d.
13. In choosing between whole versus part learning:
a.
Whole learning is always better than part learning
b.
Part learning is always better then whole learning
c.
The choice depends on the nature of the task to be learned
d.
It simply does not matter which method you select
14. Personality is:
a.
Something than changes almost monthly
b.
Of no interest to trainers
c.
A key part of motivation theory
d.
A stable set of personal characteristics that account for consistent patterns of behavior.
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15. According to cognitive resource allocation theory skills acquisition occurs in the following three phases?
a.
learning knowledge, knowledge compilation and
procedural knowledge
c.
declarative knowledge, knowledge memorization
and procedural knowledge
b.
declarative knowledge, knowledge compilation and
understanding
d.
declarative knowledge, knowledge compilation and
procedural knowledge
16. Overlearning
a.
would be good for training emergency procedures (e.g., CPR)
b.
is a waste of the training budget
c.
means that training stops once people have achieved basic mastery of the skill
d.
means that the training is over the trainees head
17. Overlearning
a.
would be good for training emergency procedures (e.g., CPR)
b.
will increase training costs
c.
does increase the retention of the training material
d.
all of the above are true
18. When something that you learned prior to training inhibits your recall of the newly-learned material, this is called:
a.
interference
c.
physical fidelity
b.
meaningfulness
d.
zero transfer
19. The argument that teaching adults requires a different set of instructional techniques than those typically used to teach children is
called:
a.
gerontology
c.
pedagogy
b.
andragogy
d.
contiguity
20. A relatively permanent change in behavior, cognition or effect that occurs as a result of one’s interaction with the environment is
referred to as:
a.
boundary spanning
c.
behavioral modeling
b.
Learning
d.
cognitive effect
21. A learning situation where tasks are learned in an appropriate order before the total task is attempted is called:
a.
task analysis
c.
step learning
b.
component task achievement
d.
job sequencing
22. Which of the following principles suggests that learners should be given the opportunity to repeatedly perform the task or use the
knowledge being learned?
a.
mental practice
c.
active practice
b.
whole versus partial learning
d.
repetitive learning
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23. Which of the following has to do with the ability to directly apply, back on the job, what has been learned in training with little
or no modification?
a.
positive transfer
c.
b.
near transfer
d.
24. Andragogy is based on all of the following assumptions about adults EXCEPT:
a.
adults are self-motivated
b.
adults have acquired a large amount of experience that can be used a resource
c.
adults look to apply learned tasks later in life
d.
adults are motivated to learn
25. The theory of instruction that focuses on the kinds of things people learn and how they learn them, arguing that there is not one
best way to learn everything is known as:
a.
Myers-Briggs Theory
c.
Gagne-Brigg’s Theory
b.
Maslow’s Theory
d.
Senge’s Social Leaning Theory
26. Learning is defined as:
a.
A permanent change in behavior, cognition or affect.
b.
A temporary change in behavior, cognition or affect.
c.
Memorizing some material from a book.
d.
None of the above are correct definitions.
27. Based on the law of effect means that:
a.
Many people like to be punished.
b.
Good things happen to bad people
c.
We repeat things we are punished for – they are usually fun to do
d.
We repeat actions that give us a pleasurable consequence.
28. Retention of training depends on all of the following except:
a.
KSA’s
c.
Degree of original learning
b.
Meaningfulness of the material
d.
Interference
29. Interference refers to:
a.
Your supervisor being mad at you
b.
A noisy training room
c.
Material learned before the session or information received after training
d.
None of the above are interference
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30. Which of the following is true about transfer of training:
a.
Zero transfer means nothing changed after training
b.
Positive transfer means performance got worse after training
c.
Negative transfer means performance got better after training
d.
None of the above are true
31. Before training Joe produced 20 widgets per day. Four months after training he is producing 30 widgets per day. This is an
example of:
a.
Zero transfer
c.
Negative transfer
b.
Positive transfer
d.
None of the above
32. Which is true about ‘near transfer’ and ‘far transfer’ of training?
a.
Near transfer is training that can be applied right away to the job
b.
Far transfer is training that can be applied right away to the job
c.
Near transfer is also called ‘skill generalization’
d.
Far transfer is also called ‘skill reproduction’
33. According to Lim and Johnson the number 1 reason for failure of training to transfer to work was:
a.
A bad instructor
b.
A poor quality video was shown
c.
Lack of effective handouts
d.
Lack of practice in the actual work environment.
34. Training a firefighter to do their job by showing them videos of a fire would violate the principle of:
a.
Transfer of training
c.
Contiguity
b.
Identical elements
d.
Fidelity
35. For individual trainees a learning curve will be:
a.
The same – curving sharply upward at first and then slowing down
b.
Different for all trainees
c.
The same – curving sharply downward at first and then speeding up
d.
The same – curving sharply upward at first and then speeding up
36. Which of the following is true of ‘non traditional’ learners?
a.
They need to be motivated to learn
b.
The tend to focus on getting good grades
c.
If told the sky is bright green they will believe it
d.
They tend to be practical and are interested in relevant content
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37. Which of the following is true of ‘traditional’ learners?
a.
They are highly motivated to learn
b.
The tend to focus on getting good grades
c.
If told the sky is bright green they will go outside and look for themselves
d.
They tend to be practical and are interested in relevant content
38. Which of the following is not a principle to follow when training older workers?
a.
Older workers can and do develop
b.
Supervisors need to be aware of their own bias about not training older workers
c.
The organization does not need to pay attention to the rewards structure for learning new skills
d.
Training must be considered within a total career perspective
39. A learning style:
a.
Tends to be the same for all people at the same age level
b.
Reflects how choices made during training affect how we select and process information
c.
Is the same as a mode of learning
d.
Is unimportant to consider when training adults.
40. Which of the following is correct?
a.
Concrete experiences focuses on thinking
b.
Abstract conceptualization focuses on feeling
c.
Reflective observation focuses on watching
d.
Active experimentation focuses on feeling and watching
41. The VARK stands for:
a.
Video – aural – read/write – kinesthetic
c.
b.
Visual – aural – read/write – kinesthetic
d.
42. Gestalt psychologists believe that learning occurs by:
a.
Insight or epiphany
c.
b.
Trial and error
d.
43. Which of the following is not one of Gagne’s categories of human performance?
a.
Attitudes
c.
b.
Motor skills
d.
44. Trainability testing is used to determine if the trainees have both the __________ and ________ to learn.
a.
Basic principles and language skills
c.
b.
Intelligence and language skills
d.
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45. According to Kluger and DeNisi which of the following is not a level of control that individuals go through when learning
and performing tasks?
a.
Self-regulatory action
c.
Task learning
b.
Self analysis
d.
Task motivation
46. Supervisor support for training includes all of the following except?
a.
Goal setting
c.
Team building
b.
Encouragement to attend training
d.
Reinforcement for attending training
47. A continuous-learning work environment means that:
a.
Supervisors require training each week for all
members of their work team
c.
Members share perceptions that learning is an
important part of everyday work life
b.
Training goes on every day
d.
Training is rewarded by paying bonuses each week
48. Increasing the likelihood that training will transfer back to the job uses all of the following except?
a.
Provide support in the work environment
c.
Provide opportunity to perform what is learned on
the job
b.
Develop and state only general learning objectives
d.
Use a variety of examples including both positive
and negative examples
49. Ability and self-efficacy are better predictors of performance:
a.
Late in the skill acquisition phase
c.
At all phases of skill acquisition
b.
Early in the skills acquisition phase
d.
They are never good predictors
50. Kolb’s learning strategies include all of the following except:
a.
Rehearsal strategies
c.
Team work strategies
b.
Organizational strategies
d.
Comprehension monitoring strategies
51. James and Galbraith’s seven primary perceptual preferences include:
a.
The vark
c.
Aural, visual and olfactory
b.
Reflective and perceptive
d.
Thinking and sensing
52. According to ACT*theory knowing what to do is?
a.
Process knowledge
c.
Declarative knowledge
b.
Acquired knowledge
d.
Procedural knowledge
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53. Research suggests that experts develop what through experience?
a.
A reputation as an expert
c.
b.
Self efficacy
d.
54. Exceptional performance is acquired through:
a.
Deliberate practice
c.
b.
Trial and error
d.