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51. What view holds that youths are in charge of their own destinies and are able to make personal behavior choices
unencumbered by environmental factors?
52. What theory links delinquency to biological and psychological characteristics that control human development?
53. What is the name of the condition in which the prevailing emotional disposition is distorted or inappropriate to the
circumstances?
54. Violence can be used to achieve a number of specific goals; what type of goal would align with youths who take the
law into their own hands if they do not trust the law?
55. The first attempts to discover why criminal tendencies developed focused upon what characteristic(s)?
56. What crime prevention method relies on reducing the opportunity to commit criminal acts by making them more
difficult to perform, reducing their reward, and increasing their risks?
57. What crime prevention practice makes it more difficult for a would-be delinquent to carry out the illegal act; for
example, installing a security device in a home?
58. Today, theorists focus attention on what two conditions that promote antisocial behavior?
59. Prevention efforts should be directed at strengthening what two areas according to individual perspectives on
delinquency?
60. What three individual-level factors have been linked to antisocial behavior?
61. On what type of crimes does the threat of informal sanctions have the greatest influence?
62. Representing the conscience and moral rules shared by most adults, what develops through interactions with parents
and other significant people in a youth's life?
63. Violence-prone youth tend to see the world around them as filled with what type of people?
64. Youths whose troubled family life leads them to seek immediate gratification without consideration of right and
wrong or the feelings of others are referred to as what type of delinquents?
65. This is said to be at play when delinquency spreads as youth copy the behavior of peers and siblings.
66. Experts argue that the key linkage between IQ and delinquency is the ability to manipulate what type of concepts?
67. What syndrome has been suggested as resulting in chronic delinquency?
68. Some children acquire an association between their use of aggression against others and the physical punishment they
receive at home by what life stage?
69. According to direct association, social forces play a secondary role in the production of deviant behaviors; what then
produces delinquency according to this concept?
70. Discuss trait theory: When did this school of thought originate, when and why was the theory abandoned, and what is
the status of trait theory today? Include in your discussion criminal atavism and its meaning. What are your views on
trait theory? Include a rationale for your view.
71. It is thought that some youths choose crime as a means of retaliation or to seek revenge for a real or perceived wrong.
Richard Felson states that violence can be used to achieve a number of specific goals. List and describe the four goals
presented by Felson. Critique Felson's goals. Do you believe the goals may be limited or all encompassing? Would you
include additional goals? If so, what would they be? Provide a rationale for your views.
72. Cohen and Felson posit that the interaction of three variables reflective of routine American lifestyles affects the
volume and distribution of predatory crime. Cohen and Felson refer to this as routine activities theory. Define this theory
and list the three variables, providing at least three examples for each variable. Would you agree or disagree with the
premise of this theory? Provide a rationale for your view.
73. Identify and define the two branches of individual-level theories of delinquency. It is said these two theories, while
independent of each other, do share some common ground. What are these commonalities? It is reported that people must
change as opposed to society changing. Do you agree with this pronouncement? Provide a rationale for your answer.
74. Trait theorists recognize that delinquency involves two distinct traits; associated with these traits are two views or
models that impact the interaction between the trait and delinquency. Identify and describe these two views/models.
What are your thoughts on these models? Does one stand out as more or less relevant, or are they equally compelling?
Support your position.
75. Identify and describe the delinquency control strategies based on rational choice; be sure to include applications and
problems associated with prevention. Of these strategies, which one would you identify as producing the best outcomes
for decreasing delinquency? Would you use the prevention as described or would you modify it in some manner? If so,
how would you modify the strategy? If not, why not? Provide a rationale for your view.
76. While there is evidence suggesting an association between mental disturbance and delinquency, there are intervening
variables that may account for the association. List and describe these factors. Do you think these factors are enough to
question the validity of the psychodynamic theory? Support your position.
77. On the surface, incapacitation may appear as a logical means to reduce juvenile offending. However, strict
incapacitation policies do not always produce the desired effects. List four of the six arguments presented in the text that
incapacitation may not actually reduce juvenile crime rates. What is your position in regard to the arguments? Do you
agree or disagree? Explain your position.
78. Summarize contemporary research regarding the IQ and delinquency relationship. What is your view of the
relationship between intelligence and delinquency? Support your view.
79. Biosocial theories focus attention on biological and psychological conditions that promote antisocial behavior.
Identify and describe the four major biosocial theories, including the strengths of each of the four theories. What is your
opinion of biosocial theories? Do you agree or disagree with the premise? Explain your position.
