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True / False
1. An adolescent's work experience may actually increase delinquency.
a.
True
b.
False
2. Antisocial behavior allegedly peaks in the teenage years because hormonal activity is at its highest level during this
period.
a.
True
b.
False
3. Evidence linking food allergies to antisocial behaviors are inconclusive.
a.
True
b.
False
4. There is no relationship between adolescent aggression and disrupted dependency relations with parents.
a.
True
b.
False
5. It has been argued that low IQ increases the likelihood of delinquent behavior through its effect on school performance.
a.
True
b.
False
6. Youth may be forced to choose delinquent behavior to help them solve problems; by engaging in antisocial behaviors
some youth are able to exert control over their lives and destinies.
a.
True
b.
False
7. Siblings living in a similar environment may develop similar types of friends; consequently, the critical influence
toward delinquent behavior is that of peers rather than siblings.
a.
True
b.
False
8. Positivists believe that behavior is a function of often uncontrollable factors, such as mental illness.
a.
True
b.
False
9. Scarcity of resources increases the number of motivated offenders, which increases the delinquency rates.
a.
True
b.
False
10. According to Freud, the superego is the unrestrained, primitive, pleasure-seeking component of the human personality
with which each child is born.
a.
True
b.
False
11. After-school programs are designed to reduce criminal activity; research has found that these programs do in fact
reduce crime rates.
a.
True
b.
False
12. According to deterrence theory, only the actual chance of punishment influences a youth's decision to engage in
delinquency.
a.
True
b.
False
13. Traditionally, the juvenile court relied on parens patriae which mandated children be punished for their misdeeds.
a.
True
b.
False
14. While shame can be a powerful deterrent, young offenders also seem to be influenced by forgiveness and acceptance.
a.
True
b.
False
15. DZ twins are closer than MZ twins in level of aggression and verbal skills.
a.
True
b.
False
16. Specific deterrence strategies may work better with adult miscreants than with young, inexperienced juvenile
offenders.
a.
True
b.
False
17. Research has linked ADHD to the onset and sustenance of a delinquent career.
a.
True
b.
False
18. Male aggression may be more a matter of socialization or cultural patterns than genetic transfer.
a.
True
b.
False
19. Development of culturally sensitive explanations of human behavior in the 1930s led to the nature theory of
intelligence.
a.
True
b.
False
20. Cognitive theory focuses on the way people perceive and mentally represent the world around them as well as how
they solve problems.
a.
True
b.
False
Multiple Choice
21. Jack wanted a new iPad, but he did not want to spend the money he was saving for his ski trip. He then considered
stealing one from a local bookstore where security was lax. Jack deliberated between the pros—new iPad and ski trip—
and the cons— getting caught for stealing the iPad. Given the slipshod security at the bookstore, Jack decided to steal an
iPad. Of the following theories of crime and delinquency, which one best explains Jack's behavior?
a.
Rational choice
b.
Neurological
c.
Specific deterrence
d.
Routine activities
22. Which of the following is the correct amount for incarcerating one juvenile in some jurisdictions?
a.
$30,000.00 / year
b.
$45,000.00 / year
c.
$50,000.00 / year
d.
$65,000.00 / year
23. The juvenile court has been a revolving door where Jill is concerned. The impulsivity in her decision-making is the
driving force for her participation in delinquent activities and Jill's counselor remarked that at times she feels Jill's conduct
is almost instinctual. What theory best fits Jill's behaviors?
a.
Biological theory
b.
Routine activities theory
c.
Choice theory
d.
Trait theory
24. Your friend was given an assignment to research classical criminology. Whose writings would your friend research to
understand the core principles of this theory?
a.
Marcus Felson
b.
Travis Hirschi
c.
Cesare Lombroso
d.
Cesare Beccaria
25. If you wanted to study forms of retaliation in the drug trade, which form would you investigate to understand
nonviolent revenge gained through resource confiscation without interaction between the retaliator and wrongdoer during
the transfer?
a.
Violent confiscation
b.
Fraudulent retaliation
c.
Stealth retaliation
d.
Pure fight
26. Which of the following best describes Beccaria's position on punishment?
a.
Severe and swift enough to deter crime
b.
Sufficiently severe, certain, and swift
c.
Certain and sufficiently severe
d.
Swift and certain
27. Itsey went to the ATM to withdraw cash for girls’ night out; a man came out of the shadows and threatened her with
bodily harm if she did not hand the cash over to him. Itsey was the victim of what type of crime?
a.
Conflict theft
b.
Situational crime
c.
Victim precipitated crime
d.
Predatory crime
28. According to the text, regarding effective strategies for deterring delinquency, which strategy is described as
seemingly working the best?
a.
Focusing police activities on community problems
b.
Focusing police activities on particular problems
c.
Focusing police activities on reports from community watch programs
d.
Focusing the police activities on reports from school resource officers
29. After reading about the crackdown on shoplifting at the local discount store by enforcing full criminal penalties
allowed by law, Drew and Cole decided they would abandon their plan to steal CDs. What crime control policy
influenced their decision?
a.
Specific deterrence
b.
Retribution
c.
General deterrence
d.
Incapacitation
30. Cohen and Felson posited that crimes against persons or crimes of theft are influenced by the interaction of three
variables: capable guardian(s), suitable target(s), and motivated offender(s). What is the name of this theory?
a.
Conflict theory
b.
Social disorganization theory
c.
Control theory
d.
Routine activities
31. In August, Jack and Jill went on vacation. They asked their neighbor, Cole, to keep an eye on their home and Sasha,
their dog, while they were away. Cole agreed but forgot to tell them that he would be out of town one of the days to
attend a conference. To relieve their boredom and as an end-of-summer back-to-school last hurrah, King, Itsey, and
Drew, teenagers who live in the neighborhood, decided they would break into Jack and Jill’s house to steal their sizeable
collection of portable electronics. In this scenario, who is/are the capable guardian(s)?
a.
Jack and Jill
b.
Cole
c.
King, Itsey, and Drew
d.
Sasha the dog
32. What theory holds that low intelligence is generally determined and inherited?
a.
Psychological
b.
Nature
c.
Realist
d.
Nurture
33. The city council wants a crime prevention method that will reduce opportunities to commit criminal acts; the method
should make opportunities more difficult to take advantage of, with rewards reduced and risk increased. Which of the
following would be most appropriate to present to the council?
a.
Problem-solving police procedures
b.
Situational crime prevention
c.
Conflict resolution
d.
Community policing
34. The city council wants suggestions for crime prevention techniques such as installing unbreakable glass on storefronts
to present to the businesses on Main Street. What is the name of this crime prevention technique?
a.
Community policing
b.
Situation prevention
c.
Target hardening
d.
Benefits diffusion
35. Jill installed a camera at the front door of her boutique to dissuade shoplifting; after a month, she also found less
loitering and graffiti on her storefront walls. Which of the following describes the phenomenon Jill discovered—that a
prevention method to cut back on one type of criminal activity also lowered the number of incidents of a different
criminal behavior?
a.
Target hardening
b.
Specific deterrence
c.
Community policing
d.
Diffusion of benefits
36. The idea that delinquents manifest physical anomalies that make them biologically and physiologically similar to
throwbacks of an earlier state in human evolution was formulated by Lombroso. What is the name of this concept?
a.
Evolutionary theory
b.
Criminal atavism
c.
Eugenic movement
d.
Morphism
37. Jack is susceptible to environmental influences; consequently, whenever Jack encounters adverse social environments
he becomes aggressive. Conversely, when Jack encounters supportive environments he is less aggressive than someone
who is not susceptible to environmental influences. Which of the following models best describes Jack?
a.
Atavistic model
b.
Vulnerability model
c.
Biochemical model
d.
Differential susceptibility model
38. A youth has difficulties with forming emotional bonds, trusting others, and demonstrating respectful behavior. Which
theory applies here?
a.
Attachment theory
b.
Learning theory
c.
Mood disorder theory
d.
Psychodynamic theory
39. Jill runs a group session for youth who demonstrate chronic behavioral problems, antisocial behaviors, impulsivity,
and substance abuse. For whom does Jill run a group?
a.
Youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder
b.
Youth with attention deficit disorder
c.
Youth with conduct disorder
d.
Youth with a learning disability
40. What research is representative of the view that certain characteristics of delinquent youths increase the probability
that they will be aggressive and antisocial and that their actions will involve them with agents of social control?
a.
Personality research
b.
Cognitive research
c.
Nature and nurture research
d.
Social learning research
41. Drew was certified LD in reading; she is often frustrated with her studies and will often engage in inappropriate
behaviors in school. What rationale assumes that Drew's frustration leads to a negative self-image and acting out
problems?
a.
Susceptibility rationale
b.
Environmental rationale
c.
School failure rationale
d.
Cognitive learning rationale
42. Leo and Lila, high school students, were bored and wanted some excitement; they abducted an 8-year-old child from
the playground, later killing the child. When Leo and Lila were arrested a few days later, they testified that killing the
child was an "awesome thrill." What theory best describes their actions?
a.
Biosocial theory
b.
Arousal theory
c.
Environmental theory
d.
Learning theory
43. A youth who often feels threatened, overreacts to perceived slights, blames others for fights he initiates, and is overly
defensive demonstrates which of the following?
a.
Neurological trauma
b.
Reactive aggression
c.
Bad behavior
d.
Hormonal imbalance
44. Which of the following completes this sentence? According to Hirschi and Hindelang, there is a clear link between
criminality and
a.
low intelligence.
b.
school attendance.
c.
high intelligence.
d.
number of suspensions.
45. Jack and Joe are significantly similar in their personal characteristics such as intelligence, levels of aggression, and
verbal skills. Which of the following best describes Jack and Joe?
a.
Monozygotic twins
b.
Dizygotic twins
c.
Polyzygotic multiples
d.
Brothers close in age
46. According to marketing research, youths in one particular age group watch violent horror movies at a higher rate than
any other age group. What is the age demographic to whom the marketing research is referring?
a.
9–11
b.
11–14
c.
14–16
d.
15–17
47. What theory holds that the more severely youthful offenders are punished the less likely they are to repeat their illegal
acts?
a.
Specific deterrence theory
b.
Classical theory
c.
General deterrence theory
d.
Rational choice theory
48. What theory explains the existence of aggression and violent behavior as positive adaptive behaviors in humans?
a.
Neurological theory
b.
Biochemical theory
c.
Genetic theory
d.
Evolutionary theory
49. What, according to Freud, develops through the reality of living in the world and helps manage and restrain the
individual’s need for immediate gratification?
a.
Superego
b.
Ego
c.
Id
d.
Personality
50. Itsey, a kindergarten student, watches her father tower over her mother, glaring at her; she then hears her father yelling
at her mother. At school, the teacher tells the students to sit on the carpet for story time. Itsey does not want to sit down
just yet; she is busy at one of the centers in the classroom. Her teacher again asks everyone to sit down and everyone
does, except for Itsey. The teacher then directly asks Itsey to sit down. Itsey looks at her teacher and says she doesn’t
want to sit down and she better stop asking her to sit down; the next time she does, Itsey will bring a knife to school and
cut her. What theory aligns to the exchange between Itsey and her teacher?
a.
Psychodynamic theory
b.
Cognitive learning theory
c.
Personality theory
d.
Social learning theory
