1. Criminologists who focus their attention on victims of crime refer to themselves as .
2. are indirect losses suffered by crime victims, which include pain and suffering,
decreased quality of life, and psychological stress.
3. According to recent statistics, is the most expensive crime for society.
4. Psychological reaction to a highly stressful situation, such as being victimized, in which symptoms may include
depression, anxiety, and nightmares is called .
5. Extreme preoccupation with certain thoughts and neurotic performance of certain behaviors is called
.
6. Hearing about a crime, even if untrue, helps increase fear among individuals.
7. According to the , those individuals who are victimized in adolescence are more
likely to later engage in violent behavior themselves.
8. According to school victimization studies, public schools report about acts of violence per
every 1,000 students.
9. is a disturbing form of violence, primarily domestic in nature, whereby children, relatives, and
others abuse older individuals under their care.
10. The view holds that elder abuse results from the abusive individual learning to use
violence to either resolve conflicts or obtain a desired outcome.
11. The view of elder abuse deals with economics and negotiated exchanges of material and
nonmaterial goods.
12. The view of elder abuse addresses the need of the abuser to maintain control through
coercive measures and has been used to explain spousal abuse among elderly couples as well.
13. In the model, elder abuse can be attributed to the characteristics of both the
elderly individual and the abuser who both are embedded in a larger sociocultural context.
14.
The
explains human behavior by including a range of potential influences, including
impact of individual, relationship, community, and societal influences.
15. When a victim‘s physical weakness or psychological distress renders him or her incapable of resisting or
deterring crime this is referred to as .
16. Target explains that some characteristics increase risk because they arouse anger, jealousy,
or destructive impulses in potential offenders.
17. is the idea that the victim’s behavior was the spark that ignited the subsequent offense.
18. occurs when the victim exhibits some personal characteristic that unknowingly either
threatens or encourages the attacker.
19. occurs when the victim acts in a manner to incite violence, such as using threats or fighting
words.
20. theory explains that people become victims of crime because they reside in socially
disorganized and high–crime areas.
21. Routine activities theory was first articulated in a series of papers by Lawrence Cohen and .
22. According to routine activities theory, , such as watchful neighbors and police presence,
are effective deterrents to crime.
23. Government programs that help crime victims and witnesses, including compensation and court costs among
other things, are referred to as .
24. In 1984 the federal government created the , which grants money to state
compensation boards derived from fines and penalties imposed on offenders.
25. New York State‘s Sex Offender Registration Act is commonly known as .
26. Because of the influence of victim rights advocates, states now have some form of a
Victim‘s Bill of Rights.
27. Criminologists who focus their attention on crime victims refer to themselves as:
a.
victimologists.
b. sociologists.
c. psychologists. d. behaviorists.
28. Although it is difficult to estimate, the average cost of one murder to society is about:
a. $35,000 b. $500,000
c. $4,000,000 d. $9,000,000
29. Victims suffer stress and anxiety long after an incident is over. What of the following is true about the long–term
stress suffered by victims?
a. Any stress experienced by young victims usually diminishes by the time the child reaches adolescence.
b. Younger victims are less prone to suffer PTSD than adult victims.
c. Childhood trauma, including rape and molestation, is significantly associated with visual, auditory, and
tactile hallucinations.
d. Unlike spouse abuse, child abuse rarely leads to despair, depression, and homelessness.
30. What is known about the stress and anxiety suffered by crime victims?
a. The stress and anxiety felt by victims lasts, on average, six months.
b. Stress and anxiety felt by child victims peaks during adolescence and ends by the time the child reaches
adulthood.
c. The stress and anxiety suffered by both adolescent and adult victims may be long-term, lasting long after
the incident is over and the justice process has been forgotten.
d. Children are resilient and the stress and anxiety they experience, as a result of victimization, is short–term.
31. Aftermath: Violence and Remaking of the Self by recounts the difficult times rape
victims have recovering from the ordeal.
a. Libby Reed b. Jessica Taylor
c. Susan Brison d. Christine Estep
32. As adults, people who are victims of violence are also quite likely to later become perpetrators is referred to as:
a. the cycle of violence b. double marginality
c. the revolving door d. life course persistence theory
33. Some believe that the relationship between victimization and criminality is and that both victims and
criminals are comprised of two separate groups.
a.
spurious
b. reciprocal
c. radical d. persistent
34. The NCVS shows that violent crimes are most likely to occur in:
a. open public areas. b. schools.
c. behind closed doors. d. wooded areas.
35. What percentage of public schools experience at least one criminal act at school each year?
a. 65% b. 85%
c. 75% d. 95%
36. The idea that victims of crime, especially childhood abuse, are more likely to perpetrate crimes themselves is
called the:
a. cycle of violence. b. circle of life.
c. roundabout theory. d. violence symmetry theory.
37. The NCVS tells us that which of the following is most vulnerable to crime?
a. the West b. large homes
c. urban homes d. all of the above
38. Referring to the relationship between marital status and crime victimization, who is least likely to become a crime
victim?
a. someone who is married b. someone who has never married
c. someone who is divorced d. someone who is a widow
39. Elderly individuals are more likely than younger individuals to be victims of which type of crime?
a. robbery b. rape
c. fraud d. murder
40. Referring to victims and their criminals, victims report that substance abuse was a factor in how many violent
crime incidents?
a. one–quarter b. one–third
c. one–half d. two-thirds
41. When victims act provocatively, use threats or fighting words, or even attack first, it is known as:
a. passive precipitation b. active precipitation
c. aggressive precipitation d. reactive precipitation
42. When the victim exhibits some personal characteristic that unknowingly either threatens or encourages the
attacker, it is known as:
a. passive precipitation b. active precipitation
c. aggressive precipitation d. reactive precipitation
43. Not being able to find a job, Nicole List becomes increasingly frustrated as she visits her unemployment office
each month. On Nicole’s most recent visit, she became verbally abusive and threatening to the unemployment
representative. Continuing her abusive tirade, Nicole stood up and leaned over the representative’s desk. In fear
and frustration, the unemployment representative hit Nicole with a stapler that was on the desk. Nicole’s
victimization in this case might be termed:
a. passive precipitation b. active precipitation
c. atoned precipitation d. reactive precipitation
44. In routine activities theory, police and homeowners would be an example of:
a. suitable targets. b. motivated offenders.
c. capable guardians. d. protective sentinels.
45. In routine activities theory, a large number of unemployed teenagers would be an example of:
a. suitable targets. b. motivated offenders.
c. capable guardians. d. protective sentinels.
46. Places containing elevated numbers of motivated offenders result in an elevated chance of being victimized. Such
places are termed:
a. hot targets. b. hot spots.
c. suitable targets. d. chronic spots.
47. According to routine activities theory, homes that contained easily sellable objects such as laptop computers,
stereos, and television sets would be classified as:
a. hot targets. b. hot spots.
c. suitable targets. d. chronic spots.
48. According to routine activities theory, if a person is intoxicated to the point where s/he is disoriented and walking
home alone, s/he may be viewed as a more than a nonintoxicated person walking with a group.
a. suitable target b. capable guardian
c. motivated offender d. potential mark
49. Cohen and Felson argue that crime rates between 1960 and 1980 because the number of adult
caretakers at home during the day decreased as a result of increased female participation in the workforce.
a. decreased b. skyrocketed
c. remained stable d. increased
50. A local program to assist victims and witnesses with applying for compensation, transportation, crisis
intervention, and other needs caused by a crime is known as:
a. social services.
b. a victim-witness assistance program.
c. a crime crisis center.
d. a guardian ad litem program.
51. Which of the following is not typically covered by victim compensation programs?
a. replacement costs for stolen property
b. loss of wages
c. counseling expenses
d. medical expenses
52. Most victims are referred to a specific set of services called
a. crisis intervention b. priority programs
c. victim based initiatives d. zero–tolerance interventions
53. Victim impact information/victim impact statements are part of which act?
a. Federal Crime Act of 1994 b. Federal Lautenberg Act
c. Victims Crime Act of 1991 d. Violence Against Women Act
54. Kleck‘s research on fighting back found that:
a. Many more criminals are killed each year by police
officers than are killed by victims fighting back.
c. Collateral injury is relatively high, and victims should
be encouraged to not fight back.
b. Collateral injury is relatively rare, and
victims should be encouraged to fight back.
d. The more crime in an area, the less fear in
the area.
55. Every state now has a set of legal rights that are primarily referred to as
a. The Victim Bill of Rights b. Victim Reconciliation Acts
c. The Constitution of Victim Rights d. Mediation laws