127) In which group do all atoms have eight valence electrons in the ground state?
A) alkali metals
B) alkaline earth metals
C) halogens
D) noble gases
128) Which element has the same number of valence electrons as phosphorus?
A) Rb
B) Bi
C) In
D) Te
129) Which element has the same number of valence electrons as boron?
A) Na
B) Si
C) Ga
D) F
130) Which element has the same number of valence electrons as potassium?
A) Na
B) Ba
C) Ga
D) As
131) Group 2A elements are called
A) alkali metals.
B) alkali earth metals.
C) halogens.
D) noble gases.
132) A metalloid
A) is the same as a metal.
B) is located on the left side of the periodic table.
C) has properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals.
D) is in the center of the periodic table.
133) Elements in the same group generally have
A) different properties.
B) similar properties.
C) similar number of neutrons.
D) similar chemical symbols.
134) Elements in the same period generally have
A) different properties.
B) similar properties.
C) similar number of neutrons.
D) similar chemical symbols.
135) The noble gases are a unique group of elements. They are recognized as unique due to the fact that
they are
A) all gases at room temperature.
B) extremely stable and unreactive.
C) the most reactive member of their period.
D) named after Nobel prize winners.
136) Carbon has ________ valence electrons.
A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
137) All noble gases have ________ valence electrons.
A) three
B) five
C) seven
D) eight
138) Iodine has ________ valence electrons.
A) three
B) five
C) seven
D) eight
139) The electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom are called
A) group electrons.
B) core electrons.
C) valence electrons.
D) orbital electrons.
140) Which of the halogens is a liquid at room temperature?
A) fluorine
B) chlorine
C) bromine
D) iodine
141) Which of the halogens is a solid at room temperature?
A) fluorine
B) chlorine
C) bromine
D) iodine
142) How does the periodic table substantiate atomic theory?
A) Both are theoretical and cannot support each other.
B) Groups in the periodic table have similar properties based on similar features of atomic structure,
namely, the same number of valence electrons per atom.
C) All elements in a given period of the periodic table have the same number of valence electrons.
D) Mendeleev declared consistency between the periodic table and atomic theory.
143) Which element is in the fourth period of the periodic table?
A) N
B) Ni
C) Cd
D) Si
144) Which element is a very good conductor of electricity?
A) oxygen
B) bromine
C) selenium
D) gold
145) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of metals?
A) Metals have a luster.
B) Metals are gases at room temperature.
C) Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
D) Metals are solids at room temperature.
146) Which of the following elements will react most vigorously with chlorine?
A) lithium
B) potassium
C) rubidium
D) sodium
147) Which of the following elements will react most vigorously with sodium?
A) bromine
B) chlorine
C) fluorine
D) iodine
148) Solar fuels such as hydrogen are being studied as sources of energy. All of the following statements
about hydrogen as a fuel source are true EXCEPT
A) Fuels that are produced using sunlight as the energy source and water as the chemical feedstock are
clean and renewable.
B) Solar-hydrogen systems use materials that are abundant and do not harm the environment.
C) Significant amounts of carbon dioxide would be emitted.
D) Solar-hydrogen systems rely on compounds that increase efficiency.
149) Human beings use as much energy in one year as the amount of solar energy that hits the surface of
the earth in
A) one hour.
B) one day.
C) one week.
D) one month.
3.2 True/False Questions
1) Anions migrate toward the cathode.
2) A carbon rod or metal strip inserted into a molten compound or a solution to carry the electric current
is called an electrode.
3) The positive particles had varying masses in Goldstein’s experiments using a gas discharge tube with
perforated cathodes.
4) Much of what we know about subatomic particles comes from directly observing the interior of the
atom.
5) Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of radiation from an unstable element.
6) Alpha particles are heavier than beta particles.
7) Gamma rays will be deflected in a magnetic field.
8) Most of the mass of an atom is located in the nucleus of the atom.
9) Most of the mass of an atom is located in the electrons of the atom.
10) Electrons occupy most of the volume of an atom.
11) The positive charges in an atom are spread uniformly throughout the entire atom.
12) Some positively charged alpha particles were deflected rather than passing straight through thin
metal foil. To explain this, Rutherford postulated that the nucleus of the atom must be positive.
13) Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.
14) Carbon and nitrogen are isotopes of each other.
15) The mass of a nucleon is approximately four times the mass of a hydrogen atom.
16) Two elements can have the same line spectrum.
17) Excited state electrons lose energy when they move to the ground state.
18) The electron configuration for oxygen is 1s2 2s2 3s2.
19) An orbital is a region in space in which there is a high probability of finding an electron.
20) A 5s orbital will have higher energy than a 5d orbital.
21) Current methods of converting solar energy into electricity use inexpensive materials.
22) In the United States, the letter A identifies the main group elements and the letter B indicates the
transition metal elements of the periodic table.
23) Beryllium has properties that are typical of the alkaline earth metals family.
42
24) Alkali metals have an ns 2 outer electron structure.
25) The number of valence electrons determine the properties of an element.
26) Elements at the bottom of Group 7A on the periodic table are much more reactive than elements at the
top of the group.
3.3 Short Answer Questions
1) Scientists studying cathode rays determined that the rays must be negatively charged because the
beam moved from the ________ electrode to the ________ electrode.
2) How many neutrons are in this isotope of chlorine?
Cl
3) How many protons are in this isotope of uranium?
U
4) Calcium has ________ valence electron(s).
5) Potassium has ________ valence electron(s).
3.4 Essay Questions
1) Describe a cathode ray tube and its significance in determining the subatomic structure of atoms.
2) Define electrolysis and the purpose of the anode and the cathode.
3) Compare and contrast fluorescence and radioactivity.
4) Explain the significance of the relatively few alpha particles that were deflected in Rutherford’s
experiments with thin metal films.
5) Compare and contrast the three subatomic particles with respect to mass and charge.
6) Describe how the three isotopes of hydrogen differ.
7) Write the electron configuration for potassium.
8) Write the electron configuration for Mg.
9) Write the electron configuration for bromine.
10) Write the electron configuration for carbon.