65. The two amino acids depicted above both have side groups (R groups) that are
a.
acidic and polar.
b.
uncharged and nonpolar.
c.
basic and polar.
d.
positively and negatively charged and nonpolar.
e.
uncharged and polar.
66. The two amino acids depicted above both have side groups (R groups) that are
a.
acidic and polar.
b.
uncharged and nonpolar.
c.
basic and polar.
d.
positively and negatively charged and nonpolar.
e.
uncharged and polar.
67. The two amino acids depicted above both have side groups (R groups) that are
a.
acidic and polar.
b.
uncharged and nonpolar.
c.
basic and polar.
d.
positively and negatively charged and nonpolar.
e.
uncharged and polar.
68. The two amino acids depicted above both have side groups (R groups) that are
a.
acidic and polar.
b.
uncharged and nonpolar.
c.
basic and polar.
d.
positively and negatively charged and nonpolar.
e.
uncharged and polar.
69. The two amino acids depicted above both have side groups (R groups) that are
a.
acidic and polar.
b.
uncharged and nonpolar.
c.
basic and polar.
d.
positively and negatively charged and nonpolar.
e.
uncharged and polar.
70. The two amino acids depicted above both have side groups (R groups) that are
a.
acidic and polar.
b.
uncharged and nonpolar.
c.
basic and polar.
d.
positively and negatively charged and nonpolar.
e.
uncharged and polar.
71. The two amino acids depicted above both have side groups (R groups) that are
a.
acidic and polar.
b.
uncharged and nonpolar.
c.
basic and polar.
d.
positively and negatively charged and nonpolar.
e.
uncharged and polar.
72. Which amino acid(s) can be involved in special covalent “disulfide bridges” that, when present, help to
stabilize the tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins?
a.
proline
b.
alanine
c.
leucine and isoleucine
d.
cysteine
e.
methionine
73. The linkage commonly found between amino acids in a chain of amino acids is called a ____ bond.
a.
phosphodiester
b.
disulfide
c.
glycosidic
d.
hydrogen
e.
peptide
74. The unique sequence of monomer subunits in a protein is the ____ structure of the protein.
a.
primary
b.
secondary
c.
tertiary
d.
quaternary
e.
linear
75. A hydrogen bond involving only parts of the backbone in a single strand of a protein would be
considered part of the ____ structure of the protein
a.
primary
b.
secondary
c.
tertiary
d.
quaternary
e.
linear
76. The image shown above is an example of a(n) ____.
a.
random coil
b.
leucine zipper
c.
sheet
d.
helix
e.
polysaccharide
77. The image shown above is an example of a(n) ____.
a.
random coil
b.
leucine zipper
c.
sheet
d.
helix
e.
polysaccharide
78. A hydrogen bond between the side groups (R groups) of two different monomer subunits in a single
strand of a protein would be considered part of the ____ structure of the protein.
a.
primary
b.
secondary
c.
tertiary
d.
quaternary
e.
linear
79. The ____ structure of a protein refers to the conformation, or overall three-dimensional shape, of a
polypeptide that has been folded into a functional protein.
a.
primary
b.
secondary
c.
tertiary
d.
quaternary
e.
linear
80. A hydrogen bond between the amino acid side groups (R groups) from two different polypeptide
chains in a multichain protein would be considered part of the ____ structure of the protein.
a.
primary
b.
secondary
c.
tertiary
d.
quaternary
e.
linear
81. These structural segments in proteins provide flexibility that allows parts of the protein to bend, fold,
or move.
a.
random coil
b.
leucine zipper
c.
sheet
d.
helix
e.
polysaccharide
82. Excessive heat or extremes of pH often cause denaturation of proteins, which means that the proteins
a.
have fallen apart into individual monomer subunits.
b.
are no longer biological molecules.
c.
have broken into many separate domains.
d.
are no longer in a functional three dimensional structure.
e.
are highly reactive.
83. Chaperonins assist with
a.
proteins synthesis.
b.
assembly of DNA strands.
c.
polysaccharide synthesis.
d.
protein folding.
e.
forming the DNA double helix.
84. After a long period of gradual evolution of protein domains, a period of explosive change (the “big
bang”) in protein domain complexity occurred at roughly the same time as the 3 taxonomic domains
were undergoing rapid diversification. In which taxonomic domain was this diversification most
extensive?
a.
Eukarya
b.
Protoctista
c.
Archaea
d.
Animalia
e.
Bacteria
85. The molecule shown above is a(n) ____.
a.
amino acid
b.
monosaccharide
c.
steroid
d.
nucleotide
e.
phospholipid
86. The molecule shown above is the pyrimidine ____, which is typically found in DNA but not RNA.
a.
thymine
b.
adenine
c.
uracil
d.
guanine
e.
cytosine
87. The molecule shown above is the pyrimidine ____, which is typically found in both DNA and RNA.
a.
thymine
b.
adenine
c.
uracil
d.
guanine
e.
cytosine
88. The molecule shown above is the pyrimidine ____, which is typically found in RNA but not DNA.
a.
thymine
b.
adenine
c.
uracil
d.
guanine
e.
cytosine
89. The molecule shown above is the purine ____.
a.
thymine
b.
adenine
c.
uracil
d.
guanine
e.
cytosine
90. Hereditary information in all eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses is stored in ____.
a.
proteins
b.
lipids
c.
nucleic acids
d.
carbohydrates
e.
amino acids
91. Nucleotides are joined together to make a nucleic acid strand by ____ bonds.
a.
phosphodiester
b.
disulfide
c.
glycosidic
d.
hydrogen
e.
peptide
92. A large molecule whose subunits consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base
is a
a.
nucleic acid.
b.
amino acid polymer.
c.
storage carbohydrate.
d.
phospholipid.
e.
high-density lipoprotein.
93. The two strands of a DNA double helix are held to each other by ____ bonds between nitrogenous
bases.
a.
phosphodiester
b.
disulfide
c.
glycosidic
d.
hydrogen
e.
peptide
94. Consider the DNA sequence GATTACA. If the strand with this sequence forms a double helix with
another DNA strand, the sequence on the other strand should be ____.
a.
TCGGCAC
b.
GATTACA
c.
ACATTAG
d.
GTGCCGA
e.
CTAATGT
95. RNA molecules are usually found as
a.
a two-stranded double helix.
b.
a single strand with some folds and twists where the strand bonds with itself to make some
double-helical regions.
c.
part of a pair with a single DNA strand.
d.
a single strand that has no double-helical regions.
e.
an extra strand joined to a DNA double helix.
96. Sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) are involved in regulating the synthesis of ____.
a.
proteins
b.
lipids
c.
nucleic acids
d.
carbohydrates
e.
amino acids
97. The side group (R group) of the amino acid shown above contains which of the following functional
groups?
a.
hydroxyl
b.
carbonyl
c.
carboxyl
d.
sulfhydryl
e.
amino
98. The side group (R group) of the amino acid shown above contains which of the following functional
groups?
a.
hydroxyl
b.
carbonyl
c.
carboxyl
d.
sulfhydryl
e.
amino
99. The side group (R group) of the amino acid shown above contains which of the following functional
groups?
a.
hydroxyl
b.
carbonyl
c.
carboxyl
d.
sulfhydryl
e.
amino
100. Which of the following is least likely to be found in a cell membrane?
a.
phospholipid
b.
nucleic acid
c.
steroid
d.
protein
e.
carbohydrate
101. Which of the following types of molecules are most important for a cell to protect from damage if the
cell is to stay alive and reproduce?
a.
proteins
b.
lipids
c.
nucleic acids
d.
carbohydrates
e.
amino acids
73
102. Which of the following types of molecules are the most diverse in terms of structure and types of roles
in cells?
a.
proteins
b.
lipids
c.
nucleic acids
d.
carbohydrates
e.
amino acids
MATCHING
Match each of the functional groups below with the letter of the molecule that has the functional group
highlighted.
a.
© 2014 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
b.
© 2014 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
c.
© 2014 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
d.
© 2014 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
e.
© 2014 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
103. phosphate
104. carboxyl
105. sulfhydryl
106. carbonyl
107. hydroxyl
107. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Table 3.1 | Section 3.1
OBJ: Bloom‘s Taxonomy: Application
For each of the following carbohydrates, select the choice that best represents one of its primary roles
in living organisms.
a.
energy source
b.
structural fiber in plant cell walls
c.
energy storage
d.
structural fiber in the exoskeleton of arthropods
108. starch
109. glucose
110. chitin
111. glycogen
112. cellulose
Choose the class of biological molecules that is most closely associated with each of the following
items.
a.
carbohydrate
b.
lipid
c.
protein
d.
nucleic acid
113. phosphodiester bond
114. chemical formula at or close to a multiple of (CH2O)
115. peptide bond
116. nitrogenous base
117. triglyceride
118. glycosidic bond
119. sugar-phosphate backbone
120. helix
SHORT ANSWER
121. Why is starch easily digestible by most animals but cellulose is not?
122. Where does the cholesterol found in your body come from?
123. What are protocells and why are they considered important?
124. Describe the general structural plan of amino acids.
MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE
If the statement is true, answer “T”. If the statement is false, answer “F” and make it correct by
changing the underlined word(s) and writing the correct word(s) in the answer blank(s).
125. Carbon dioxide is an organic gas that drives photosynthesis, while water in living organisms is an
organic liquid.
126. Most of the enzymes that catalyze the biochemical reactions involving amino acids recognize the L
stereoisomer.
127. A polymer is a molecule assembled from subunit molecules called monomers into a chain by
polymerization bonds.
128. The most abundant organic molecules in the world are nucleic acids.
129. Unsaturated fats are considered healthier than saturated fats in the human diet.
130. Bungarotoxin is a lipid found in the venom of snakes that causes muscle paralysis.
131. In proteins, nitrogen bases link covalently to ribose in DNA.
ESSAY
132. Describe the relationship between primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure in proteins.
133. Describe the general properties of each of the four major classes of organic molecules, including the
major roles of each of them in cells.