CHAPTER 29—SEED PLANTS
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Botanically, the fibers in your cotton t-shirt are _____.
a.
angiosperm seeds
d.
fibers from pine needles
b.
gymnosperm seeds
e.
cellulose-rich hairs
c.
lignin fibers
2. Seed plants are _____.
a.
flowering plants
d.
spermatophytes
b.
conifers
e.
tracheophytes
c.
gymnosperms
3. The word gymnosperm means ____.
a.
covered seed
b.
active sperm
c.
naked egg
d.
naked seed
e.
covered sperm
4. The specialized male gametophyte of seed plants, such as gymnosperms, is called a(n) ____.
a.
sporopollenin
b.
ovule
c.
seed
d.
strobilus
e.
pollen grain
5. In seed plants, the transfer of male gametophytes to female reproductive parts is a process called ____.
a.
meiosis
b.
pollination
c.
fertilization
d.
syngamy
e.
sporulation
6. The dominant land plants during the Mesozoic era, from about 250 million years ago to 65 million
years ago, were ____.
a.
lycophytes
b.
ferns
c.
gymnosperms
d.
bryophytes
e.
angiosperms
7. An embryo sporophyte surrounded by nutritive tissue and then a tough, protective outer coat makes up
a(n) ____ that shelters the embryo from drought, cold, and other adverse conditions.
a.
pollen grain
b.
spore
c.
ovule
d.
seed
e.
strobilus
8. Living members of this group are often the dominant land plants in cool temperate zones, especially in
areas with poor soils. Among other products, they are important sources of lumber, paper pulp, resins,
and turpentine.
a.
lycophytes
b.
ferns
c.
gymnosperms
d.
bryophytes
e.
angiosperms
9. This phylum of vascular, seed-bearing plants has about 185 known living species. Many of them look
like palm trees, and some produce massive strobili. Their male and female strobili are found on
separate plants.
a.
Cycadophyta
b.
Anthophyta
c.
Gnetophyta
d.
Coniferophyta
e.
Ginkgophyta
10. This phylum of vascular, seed-bearing plants has about 550 known living species, the most among
gymnosperms. Many of them have needlelike leaves with thick cuticles and sunken stomata, and are
thus adapted to dry conditions.
a.
Cycadophyta
b.
Anthophyta
c.
Gnetophyta
d.
Coniferophyta
e.
Ginkgophyta
11. This phylum of vascular, seed-bearing plants includes pines, spruces, firs, hemlocks, junipers,
cypresses, and redwoods. Most of them are evergreens that form woody reproductive cones.
a.
Cycadophyta
b.
Anthophyta
c.
Gnetophyta
d.
Coniferophyta
e.
Ginkgophyta
12. Which of the following is true in the pine life cycle?
a.
Gametophytes originate within and are dependent upon sporophytes.
b.
Sporophytes originate within and are dependent upon gametophytes.
c.
Both gametophytes and sporophytes are totally independent from each other and are
equally dominant.
d.
Gametophytes are free-living and photosynthetic, but are replaced by a dominant
sporophyte generation.
e.
Gametophytes are photosynthetic and partially independent from the sporophytes.
13. In pine trees the megaspores develop within a(n) ____.
a.
sporopollenin
b.
ovule
c.
seed
d.
strobilus
e.
pollen grain
14. In the pine life cycle, fertilization often takes place ____ pollination.
a.
at the same time as
b.
a few days after
c.
a few weeks after
d.
a few days before
e.
months to a year after
15. This phylum of vascular, seed-bearing plants is limited to one living species. That species is a
deciduous tree with fan-shaped leaves. It has separate male and female plants, and the males are often
planted in cities because of their resistance to pollution, insects, and disease.
a.
Cycadophyta
b.
Anthophyta
c.
Gnetophyta
d.
Coniferophyta
e.
Ginkgophyta
16. This phylum of vascular, seed-bearing plants has only about 70 living species in three genera,
including Welwitschia and Ephedra. Some species have a two-step fertilization process, similar to
fertilization in angiosperms.
a.
Cycadophyta
b.
Anthophyta
c.
Gnetophyta
d.
Coniferophyta
e.
Ginkgophyta
17. This phylum of vascular, seed-bearing plants has over 260,000 known living species, and is the
dominant group of land plants today.
a.
Cycadophyta
b.
Anthophyta
c.
Gnetophyta
d.
Coniferophyta
e.
Ginkgophyta
18. These land plants are the only ones to make true flowers and fruits.
a.
bryophytes
b.
seedless vascular plants
c.
gymnosperms
d.
angiosperms
e.
gymnosperms and angiosperms
19. The oldest well-documented flowering plant fossils are Archaefructus, dating to about
a.
1.5 billion years ago.
b.
420 million years ago.
c.
250 million years ago.
d.
125 million years ago.
e.
17 million years ago.
20. The modern, living plants in which pollen-producing organs and egg-producing organs are situated
very close together are the
a.
gymnosperms.
b.
angiosperms.
c.
bryophytes.
d.
seedless vascular plants.
e.
seed plants.
21. The tissue that does the same job in gymnosperms that is done by endosperm in angiosperms is
a.
megagametophyte.
b.
microgametophyte.
c.
integument.
d.
pollen.
e.
cone.
22. White, narrow-tubular, highly fragrant flowers are most likely pollinated by
a.
moths.
b.
butterflies.
c.
hummingbirds.
d.
bees.
e.
flies.
23. Flowers that smell like rotten meat, dung or decaying matter are most likely pollinated by
a.
moths.
b.
butterflies.
c.
hummingbirds.
d.
bees.
e.
flies.
24. One of the two main angiosperm clades, this group has about 60,000 species that are characterized by
having a single cotyledon and by pollen grains with one groove. Most have parallel-veined leaves.
a.
eudicots
b.
the star anise group
c.
monocots
d.
water lilies
e.
magnoliids
25. One of the two main angiosperm clades, this group has about 200,000 species. Members of the group
all have pollen grains with three grooves, and most have two cotyledons. Most also have net-veined
leaves.
a.
eudicots
b.
the star anise group
c.
monocots
d.
water lilies
e.
magnoliids
26. Based on morphology and phytochrome gene sequencing data, it appears that the closest living relative
of the first flowering plants is ____.
a.
Magnolia grandiflora
b.
Illicium floridanum
c.
Nelumbo nucifera
d.
Archaefructus sinensis
e.
Amborella trichopoda
27. Which of the following is true in the angiosperm life cycle?
a.
Gametophytes originate within and are dependent upon sporophytes.
b.
Sporophytes originate within and are dependent upon gametophytes.
c.
Both gametophytes and sporophytes are totally independent from each other and are
equally dominant.
d.
Gametophytes are free-living and photosynthetic, but are replaced by a dominant
sporophyte generation.
e.
Gametophytes are photosynthetic and partially independent from the sporophytes.
28. Based on pollen morphology, it would appear that magnoliids are most closely related to ____.
a.
eudicots
b.
star anise group
c.
monocots
d.
water lilies
e.
gymnosperms
29. Which of the following has NOT contributed to the adaptive success of angiosperms over
gymnosperms?
a.
vessel elements
b.
more efficient sugar transport
c.
ovary
d.
fruit
e.
tracheids
30. One advantage that angiosperms have is a unique triploid ____, a nutritive tissue produced during
fertilization.
a.
seed coat
b.
endosperm
c.
ovule
d.
pollen sac
e.
ovary
31. Many angiosperm species have ____ animal pollinators.
a.
competed with
b.
parasitized
c.
been driven to extinction by
d.
coevolved with
e.
antagonistic relationships with
32. If you see a yellow flower with “nectar guide” stripes best seen in ultraviolet light and with a strong,
sweet odor, it is likely pollinated by ____.
a.
flies
b.
birds
c.
bats or moths
d.
butterflies
e.
bees
33. If you see a red flower with very little odor, it is likely pollinated by ____.
a.
flies
b.
birds
c.
bats or moths
d.
butterflies
e.
bees
34. Analysis of the nucleotide sequences of genes coding for phytochrome pigments suggest that the
ancestors of angiosperms were adapted for survival in
a.
freshwater aquatic environments.
b.
sunny, xeric habitats.
c.
shady forests.
d.
habitats with very cold winters.
e.
oceans.
35. Which of the following plant groups contains the gene LFY?
a.
Only mosses, which arose 400 million
years ago.
d.
Only plants with flowers because
expression of the gene gives rise to
flowers.
b.
Only plants with leaves because
expression of the gene gives rise to leaves.
e.
All land plants.
c.
Only plants with apical meristems because
expression of the gene regulates
meristematic tissue.
36. Approximately what percent of the total number of plant species have had their genomes partially or
fully sequenced?
a.
0.01%
d.
10%
b.
0.10%
e.
50%
c.
1%
37. Which of the following would probably be the least surprising finding from comparing the genomes of
black cottonwood and thale cress?
a.
Black cottonwood and thale cress never
shared a common ancestor.
d.
Black cottonwood has genes that govern
secondary growth, but these genes are
absent in thale cress.
b.
Black cottonwood has genes that influence
membrane transporters, but thale cress
lacks genes that influence membrane
transporters.
e.
Black cottonwood has genes for disease
resistance, but thale cress lacks genes for
disease resistance.
c.
Black cottonwood and thale cress have
had the same number of gene duplication
events throughout their evolutionary
history.
38. Which of the following is probably the genetic basis for new and complex structures in plants?
a.
gene duplication
d.
extinction
b.
asexual reproduction
e.
gene splicing
c.
genes that code for flower development
39. You are a botanist surveying a previously unstudied island. You discover a plant that has large blue
flowers and a woody fruit. Into which group should you classify this plant?
a.
Gnetophytes
b.
seed plants
c.
gymnosperms
d.
angiosperms
e.
cycads
40. You are a botanist surveying a previously unstudied island. You discover a plant that has xylem with
tracheids but no vessel elements. The plant does not require any external water for fertilization. Into
which group should you classify this plant?
a.
Gnetophytes
b.
cycads
c.
gymnosperms
d.
angiosperms
e.
monocots
41. You are a botanist surveying a previously unstudied island. You discover a plant that has a small free-
living gametophyte that requires external water for fertilization. After fertilization, a large sporophyte
with xylem and phloem develops. The gametophyte dies, and the free-living sporophyte eventually
releases spores from sporangia on the margins of its leaves. Into which group should you classify this
plant?
a.
cycads
b.
seedless vascular plants
c.
gymnosperms
d.
angiosperms
e.
monocots
SHORT ANSWER
42. Why might you argue that swimming sperm in gymnosperms is not a highly adaptive trait?
43. What hallmark of angiosperms is found in some gymnosperms and why does it not result in this
gymnosperm group giving rise to angiosperms?
44. A seed is often described as “a baby plant in a box with its lunch.” Explain this statement using more
proper terms for baby plant, box, and lunch.
45. How is the seed of an angiosperm different than the seed of a gymnosperm?
46. Why is coevolution between plants and animals probably more important in angiosperms than
gymnosperms?
MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE
If the statement is true, answer “T“. If the statement is false, answer “F” and make it correct by
changing the underlined word(s) and writing the correct word(s) in the answer blank(s).
47. The gymnosperms, as a group, are a relatively species rich group.
48. The world’s oldest continuously standing tree is a giant sequoia.
49. If you wanted to cause the extinction of an entire phylum, you would need to kill every cycad.
50. Conifer sporophytes are longer-lived, and anatomically and morphologically more complex than other
gymnosperms.
51. Angiosperms mystified Darwin because they seem to have appeared suddenly in the fossil record.
52. Angiosperm tracheids move water more rapidly from roots to shoots than gymnosperm tracheids.
53. Phytochromes are pigment proteins that allow plants to detect light.
54. Coadaptation occurs when two or more species interact closely in the same ecological setting.
55. Some plants use metabolic resources for making flowers smell, while others do not.
56. All plants carry the gene LFY, which carries out similar functions in all plants.
57. To date, more than 300 plant genomes have been partially or fully sequenced
ESSAY
58. Describe the major differences and similarities between gymnosperms and angiosperms.
59. Why are plant scientists sequencing whole plant genomes?