CHAPTER 28—SEEDLESS PLANTS
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The first organisms to adapt to life in intertidal zones were probably ____.
a.
plants
b.
cyanobacteria
c.
green algae
d.
fungi
e.
animals
2. Which of the following is NOT typically used by plants to produce their own food?
a.
carbon dioxide
b.
dissolved minerals
c.
water
d.
oxygen
e.
sunlight energy
3. There are, currently, approximately how many named extant species of plants?
a.
12,000
d.
1,200,000
b.
120,000
e.
2,600,000
c.
260,000
4. Which of the following is ABSENT in the charophyte ancestors of land plants?
a.
spores
b.
gametes
c.
multicellular organs
d.
diploid embryos
e.
chlorophyll b
5. The most direct ancestors of modern plants were
a.
sponges.
b.
animals.
c.
green algae.
d.
cyanobacteria.
e.
fungi.
6. Which of the following is NOT a trait shared between green algae and land plants?
a.
stomata
b.
chloroplasts with chlorophyll a
c.
cellulose in their cell walls
d.
store energy captured during photosynthesis as starch
e.
chloroplasts with chlorophyll b
7. The zygotes of modern charophytes and reproductive spores in land plants are protected from drying
out and other damage in part by ____.
a.
stomata
b.
chlorophyll a
c.
a cuticle
d.
starch
e.
sporopollenin
8. These are small passages through the epidermis in plants that can open and close, allowing for some
control of water loss by evaporation. In plants that have them, they are the main route for uptake of
carbon dioxide.
a.
gemmae
b.
tracheophytes
c.
sporopollenins
d.
stomata
e.
thalli
9. The structure that gets smaller and smaller as one progresses from bryophytes to vascular plants, then
seed plants, is the
a.
sporangium.
b.
sporophyte.
c.
gametophyte.
d.
sperm cells.
e.
eggs.
10. Which of these features is found in both nonvascular and vascular plants?
a.
lignin
b.
roots
c.
cuticle
d.
xylem
e.
phloem
11. Fossils of Cooksonia represent the oldest known fossils of vascular plants. Such fossils date to about
a.
1.5 billion years ago.
b.
425 million years ago.
c.
250 million years ago.
d.
125 million years ago.
e.
17 million years ago.
12. A structure with stems and leaves that arise from apical meristems is a ____.
a.
vascular system
b.
protonema
c.
sporangium
d.
rhizome
e.
shoot system
13. A horizontal stem modified to penetrate the substrate and anchor a plant is a ____.
a.
vascular system
b.
protonema
c.
sporangium
d.
rhizome
e.
shoot system
14. A special capsule or chamber where a plant will make the first cells of the gametophyte generation is
called a ____.
a.
vascular system
b.
protonema
c.
sporangium
d.
rhizome
e.
shoot system
15. Lignified, tube-like structures that branch throughout the body of some plants, conducting water and
solutes, are called ____.
a.
vascular tissues
b.
apical meristems
c.
root systems
d.
rhizomes
e.
shoot systems
16. Heterospory refers to having
a.
male and female gametes.
b.
two spore types.
c.
both male and female parts on the same plant.
d.
separate male and female plants.
e.
both sporophyte and gametophyte generations.
17. Consider a plant where a multicellular generation is able to make both sperm and eggs. Which of the
following terms would describe such a plant?
a.
homosporous
b.
bryophyte
c.
heterosporous
d.
lycophyte
e.
haploid/diploid
18. A pollen grain is best described as
a.
a spore with a male gametophyte inside.
b.
a spore with a female gametophyte inside.
c.
a gametophyte containing an egg.
d.
a male sporophyte.
e.
a female sporophyte.
19. The sporophyte generation is clearly larger, more complex, and longer living than the gametophyte
generation in
a.
bryophytes.
b.
seedless vascular plants.
c.
seed plants.
d.
seedless vascular plants and seed plants.
e.
all plants.
20. The filamentous growths of moss gametophytes that produce numerous leafy shoots from buds are
called
a.
rhizoids.
b.
thalli.
c.
sporophytes.
d.
zygotes.
e.
protonema.
21. Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are technically
a.
seedless vascular plants.
b.
seed plants.
c.
non-vascular plants.
d.
charophytes.
e.
green algae.
22. The protective structure where egg cells are formed in bryophytes and seedless vascular plants is the
a.
antheridium.
b.
stoma.
c.
strobilus.
d.
sporangium.
e.
archegonium.
23. The ____ is a protective structure where sperm cells are formed in bryophytes and some other plants.
a.
antheridium
b.
stoma
c.
strobilus
d.
sporangium
e.
archegonium
24. Which of the following phyla is NOT made up of bryophytes?
a.
Pterophyta
b.
Hepatophyta
c.
Bryophyta
d.
Anthocerophyta
e.
all of these are bryophytes
25. This phylum of nonvascular plants has about 6000 known living species. It includes the genus
Marchantia, whose members can reproduce asexually via cups called gemmae.
a.
Hepatophyta
b.
Pterophyta
c.
Bryophyta
d.
Lycophyta
e.
Anthocerophyta
26. The simple body structure of a flat, branching, ribbonlike plate of tissue closely pressed against damp
soil is called a
a.
rhizoid.
b.
gemma.
c.
antheridium.
d.
archegonium.
e.
thallus.
27. This phylum of nonvascular plants has about 100 known living species. They produce hornlike
sporophytes, and they are the only land plants whose chloroplasts contain alga-like protein bodies
called pyrenoids.
a.
Hepatophyta
b.
Pterophyta
c.
Bryophyta
d.
Lycophyta
e.
Anthocerophyta
28. This phylum of nonvascular plants has about 10,000 known living species, including those in the
genus Sphagnum, a peat moss used by humans for its absorbent property and also as a fuel.
a.
Hepatophyta
b.
Pterophyta
c.
Bryophyta
d.
Lycophyta
e.
Anthocerophyta
29. Members of the phylum ____ are considered by many researchers to be the living plants most closely
related to the first land plants, based on their morphology and mitochondrial gene sequence data.
a.
Hepatophyta
b.
Pterophyta
c.
Bryophyta
d.
Lycophyta
e.
Anthocerophyta
30. Bryophytes have which of the following?
a.
true leaves
b.
two spore types
c.
true roots
d.
true stems
e.
one spore type
31. Which of the following is true in the moss life cycle?
a.
Gametophytes originate within and are dependent upon sporophytes.
b.
Sporophytes originate within and are dependent upon gametophytes.
c.
Both gametophytes and sporophytes are totally independent from each other and are
equally dominant.
d.
Gametophytes are free-living and photosynthetic, but are replaced by a dominant
sporophyte generation.
e.
Gametophytes are photosynthetic and partially independent from the sporophytes.
32. Which of the following best describes fertilization in the moss life cycle?
a.
Pollen is blown by the wind to a female cone, where it forms a pollen tube that grows
toward where the egg will form.
b.
Flagellated sperm swim in a film of water on the surface of the plant to reach an egg.
c.
Flagellated sperm are blown by the wind to a location near an egg, and then swim through
plant fluids to reach the egg.
d.
Flagellated sperm swim through plant fluids to reach an egg.
e.
Flagellated sperm attach to the moist skin of certain animals and are transferred to the
surface of the plant to reach an egg.
33. A moss spore develops into a young gametophyte called a(n) ____.
a.
capsule
b.
antheridium
c.
protonema
d.
prothallus
e.
archegonium
34. The slender, rootlike structures found in nonvascular plants are called ____.
a.
thalli
b.
rhizomes
c.
gametangia
d.
protonema
e.
rhizoids
35. Although there are fewer than 14,000 living species of seedless vascular plants, they were the
dominant plants on Earth for nearly 200 million years. Their dominance ended at the end of the
Carboniferous period, about
a.
1.5 billion years ago.
b.
420 million years ago.
c.
250 million years ago.
d.
125 million years ago.
e.
17 million years ago.
36. Which of the following best describes fertilization in the fern life cycle?
a.
Pollen is blown by the wind to a female cone, where it forms a pollen tube that grows
toward where the egg will form.
b.
Flagellated sperm swim in a film of water on the surface of the plant to reach an egg.
c.
Flagellated sperm are blown by the wind to a location near an egg, and then swim through
plant fluids to reach the egg.
d.
Flagellated sperm swim through plant fluids to reach an egg.
e.
Flagellated sperm attach to the moist skin of certain animals and are transferred to the
surface of the plant to reach an egg.
37. Which of the following best explains why modern seedless vascular plants are confined largely to wet
or humid environments?
a.
They require external water for reproduction.
b.
They do not have true roots.
c.
They lack stomata.
d.
They have a dominant sporophyte generation.
e.
They do not have flowers or fruits.
38. Much of the world’s coal reserves were formed from the buried remains of the dominant plants of the
Carboniferous period, which were ____.
a.
bryophytes
b.
seedless vascular plants
c.
gymnosperms
d.
angiosperms
e.
gymnosperms and angiosperms
39. Which of the following is true in the fern life cycle?
a.
Gametophytes originate within and are dependent upon sporophytes
b.
Sporophytes originate within and are dependent upon gametophytes
c.
Both gametophytes and sporophytes are totally independent from each other and are
equally dominant
d.
Gametophytes are free-living and photosynthetic, but are replaced by a dominant
sporophyte generation
e.
Gametophytes are photosynthetic and partially independent from the sporophytes
40. Club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts are members of this phylum.
a.
Hepatophyta
b.
Pterophyta
c.
Bryophyta
d.
Lycophyta
e.
Anthocerophyta
41. Ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails are members of this phylum, which has about 13,000 described
living species.
a.
Hepatophyta
b.
Pterophyta
c.
Bryophyta
d.
Lycophyta
e.
Anthocerophyta
42. Club moss sporangia form on specialized leaves called ____ that occur near stem tips.
a.
cladophylls
b.
archegonia
c.
thalli
d.
antheridia
e.
sporophylls
43. The mature body form of the sporophyte of a typical ____ has fronds growing from a rhizome, with
sori on the lower surface or margins of some of the fronds.
a.
moss
b.
whisk fern
c.
fern
d.
club moss
e.
horsetail
44. A sorus is a cluster of ____.
a.
sporangia
b.
fronds
c.
strobili
d.
gametangia
e.
rhizomes
45. This phylum of seedless vascular plants has about 1000 known living species, including those in the
genera Lycopodium and Selaginella. The gametophyte of some of these species cannot
photosynthesize, and instead uses mycorrhizae to obtain nutrients.
a.
Hepatophyta
b.
Pterophyta
c.
Bryophyta
d.
Lycophyta
e.
Anthocerophyta
46. Represented by only two living genera, Psilotum and Tmesipteris, these plants resemble the extinct
Cooksonia. Having no true roots or leaves, these seedless vascular plants are essentially forking green
stems.
a.
mosses
b.
whisk ferns
c.
ferns
d.
club mosses
e.
horsetails
47. Represented by only one living genus, Equisetum, these seedless vascular plants have leaves in whorls
around a photosynthetic stem that is stiff and gritty because they accumulate silica in their tissues.
a.
mosses
b.
whisk ferns
c.
ferns
d.
club mosses
e.
horsetails
48. Plants’ genes are found in ____.
a.
nuclear DNA
b.
mitochondrial and nuclear DNA
c.
mitochondrial, chloroplast, and nuclear DNA
d.
chloroplast and nuclear DNA
e.
mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA
49. The rbcL gene, which has been useful in evolutionary studies in plants, is located in ____.
a.
mitochondrial DNA
b.
chloroplast DNA
c.
nuclear DNA
d.
mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA
e.
chloroplast and nuclear DNA
50. Compared to other genes, the rbcL gene in plants has a mutation rate that is ____ most other plant
genes.
a.
slower than
b.
similar to
c.
five times faster than
d.
more random than
e.
ten times faster than
51. Which of the following groups has the largest average number of chromosomes?
a.
Bryophytes
d.
Gymnosperms
b.
Lycophytes
e.
Algae
c.
Angiosperms
52. Which of the following would NOT be a possible explanation for high chromosome numbers in ferns?
a.
Polyploidy
d.
Increased recombination rates
b.
Dysploidy
e.
Homospory
c.
Selection for increased independent
assortment
53. In the life cycle of bryophytes and seedless vascular plants, meiosis takes place in the
a.
gametophyte.
b.
sporangium.
c.
archegonium.
d.
zygote.
e.
antheridium.
54. You are a botanist surveying a previously unstudied island. You discover a plant that has a small free-
living gametophyte that requires external water for fertilization. After fertilization, a large sporophyte
with xylem and phloem develops. The gametophyte dies, and the free-living sporophyte eventually
releases spores from sporangia on the margins of its leaves. Into which group should you classify this
plant?
a.
bryophytes
b.
ferns
c.
gymnosperms
d.
angiosperms
e.
algae
SHORT ANSWER
55. What is the most general and important effect of the evolution of cyanobacteria, photosynthetic
“protists” and plants?
56. Why would you argue that liverworts should be considered the “first land plants” versus hornworts and
vice versa?
57. What is the main importance of the plant traits that separate vascular seedless plants from nonvascular
plants besides vascular tissue?
58. What are the differences between dysploidy and polyploidy?
MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE
If the statement is true, answer “T“. If the statement is false, answer “F” and make it correct by
changing the underlined word(s) and writing the correct word(s) in the answer blank(s).
59. It is difficult to pinpoint when the first terrestrial plants appeared because early plants lacked spores.
60. Modern nonvascular plants are generally small because they lack leaves.
61. Leaves arose several times during plant evolution.
62. The haploid phase of the plant life cycle begins in the sporangia.
63. Bryophytes are clearly adapted to live in fresh water.
64. Molecular, biochemical, cellular, and morphological evidence supports the view that bryophytes are a
monophyletic group.
65. A moss sporophyte must obtain some carbohydrates from the gametophyte.
66. Coal was formed primarily as a result of the existence of non-vascular plants.
67. Seedless vascular plants found in deserts do not require water for sperm to swim to eggs.
68. Inside a sporangium, haploid spores arise by meiosis.
ESSAY
69. What evolutionary changes in stems lead to an increase in a plant’s capacity for producing energy for
growth?
70. Describe the major differences between bryophytes and vascular plants.