Campbell Biology: Concepts and Connections, 8e (Reece et al.)
Chapter 28 Nervous Systems
28.1 Multiple-Choice Questions
1) The central communication conduit between the brain and the rest of the body is the
A) brainstem.
B) nerve bundle.
C) spinal cord.
D) nervous system.
2) The two major anatomical divisions of the nervous system are the
A) sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system.
B) central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.
C) sensory nervous system and motor nervous system.
D) voluntary nervous system and involuntary nervous system.
3) Nervous system effector cells
A) are white cells found in the circulatory system.
B) consist of sensory cells.
C) include muscle cells and gland cells.
D) provide automatic responses to stimuli.
4) Which of the following statements regarding the nervous system is true?
A) Sensory neurons convey signals from the CNS to sensory receptors.
B) Motor neurons convey signals from the CNS to effector cells.
C) The PNS is composed entirely of nerves.
D) The CNS and the brain are the same thing.
5) The functional unit of the nervous system is the
A) cell body.
B) neuron.
C) axon.
D) synapse.
6) What part of a neuron carries signals toward the part of the cell that houses the nucleus?
A) node of Ranvier
B) axon
C) cell body
D) dendrite
7) The speed of impulse conduction along an axon may be increased by
A) a myelin sheath.
B) a graded potential.
C) neurotransmitters.
D) effector cells.
8) Multiple sclerosis results from an autoimmune disease that primarily involves
A) destruction of the hippocampus.
B) destruction of the myelin sheath.
C) destruction of regions of the motor cortex.
D) deterioration of parts of the spinal cord.
9) Which of the following statements about resting potential is true?
A) A resting membrane allows much more sodium than potassium to diffuse across it.
B) The concentration of sodium is much higher inside the cell than outside.
C) The resting potential exists because of differences in glucose concentration inside and outside
the cell.
D) The sodium-potassium pump contributes to the resting membrane potential.
10) Once an action potential is triggered, there is a
A) reversal of the membrane polarity, with the interior of the cell becoming positively charged.
B) reversal of the membrane polarity, with the interior of the cell becoming negatively charged.
C) sudden rush of potassium into the neuron.
D) sudden impermeability of the membrane to the transport of ions.
11) Once the threshold potential is reached,
A) K+ channels open.
B) Na+ channels close.
C) an action potential is inevitable.
D) the interior of the cell becomes negative with respect to the outside.
12) Action potentials normally travel along an axon
A) toward the cell body.
B) away from the cell body.
C) either toward or away from the cell body.
D) away from the synapse.
13) Action potentials relay different intensities of information due to the
A) amplitude of action potentials relative to the strength of the stimulus.
B) frequency of action potentials relative to the strength of the stimulus.
C) duration of action potentials relative to the strength of the stimulus.
D) shape of action potentials relative to the strength of the stimulus.
14) The gap between the transmitting and receiving neurons in a chemical synapse is known as
the
A) synaptic vesicle.
B) ion channel.
C) gap junction.
D) synaptic cleft.
15) During transmission across a typical chemical synapse,
A) neurotransmitter molecules are stored in the synaptic cleft.
B) action potentials trigger chemical changes that make the synaptic vesicles fuse with each
other.
C) vesicles containing neurotransmitters diffuse to the receiving cell’s plasma membrane.
D) neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the receiving cell’s plasma membrane.
16) The signal that crosses a synapse is stopped when
A) a second action potential traveling down the signaling cell “sounds a retreat,” and the
neurotransmitters return to the signaling cell.
B) the responding cell runs out of sodium and is no longer able to respond to the stimulus.
C) the responding cell runs out of potassium and is no longer able to respond to the stimulus.
D) the neurotransmitter is enzymatically broken down or transported back to the signaling cell.
17) Neurotransmitters that open Na+ channels and trigger action potentials in receiving cells are
called
A) inhibitory.
B) cross-linked.
C) excitatory.
D) obligatory.
18) The effect of a sending neuron on a receiving neuron is typically greater when ________
neurotransmitters bind to the receiving neuron and the synapse is ________ the base of the
receiving cell’s axon.
A) more; close to
B) fewer; close to
C) more; far from
D) fewer; far from
19) Botulinum toxin (Botox) produced by certain bacteria will
A) prevent enzymatic breakdown of neurotransmitters.
B) cause continual contraction of smooth muscle.
C) initiate an increase in the strength of a transmitted signal.
D) inhibit the release of acetylcholine.
20) One neurotransmitter associated with sleep, mood, attention, and learning is
A) acetylcholine.
B) nitric oxide.
C) epinephrine.
D) serotonin.
21) Parkinson’s disease is associated with a deficiency in
A) dopamine.
B) serotonin.
C) acetylcholine.
D) endorphins.
22) Valium, a prescription drug used to treat depression, works by
A) binding and activating acetylcholine receptors.
B) increasing the inhibitory effect of GABA.
C) increasing the release and availability of norepinephrine and dopamine at synapses.
D) activating receptors for GABA.
23) Complete the analogy: The structure of dendrites is like that of ________, while the structure
of axons is like that of ________.
A) taproots; branched roots
B) myelin sheath; nodes of Ranvier
C) branched roots; taproots
D) nodes of Ranvier; myelin sheath
24) The uniformity in the way nerve cells function within the animal kingdom
A) indicates that the PNS evolved before the CNS.
B) is evidence that the neuron was an early evolutionary adaptation.
C) is proof of neurotransmitter efficiency.
D) must have prevented the development of diversity.
7
25) One of the most important branch points in the evolution of animals and their nervous
systems was the appearance of
A) radial symmetry.
B) bilateral symmetry.
C) the spinal column.
D) specialized cells for transmitting signals.
26) The simplest animals to display cephalization and centralization of the nervous system are
A) sponges.
B) flatworms.
C) cnidarians.
D) echinoderms.
27) The brain and sensory system of a bilaterally symmetric organism function most like
A) the engine of a motorboat.
B) the pilot of an airplane.
C) the passengers on a train.
D) a member of a marching band.
28) Natural selection tends to correlate the structures of a nervous system with an animal’s
interaction with the environment. A good example is sessile or slow-moving molluscs such as
clams, which
A) have little or no cephalization and simple sense organs.
B) use chemical synapses to process complex information.
C) have a well-developed brain that functions as a master control center.
D) use their circulatory system as a mechanism for distributing nerve impulses.
29) Which of the following statements regarding the brain is true?
A) Ventricles in the brain are filled with interstitial fluid.
B) The blood-brain barrier helps to maintain a stable chemical environment for the brain.
C) Layers of connective tissue, called epithelium, surround and protect the brain and spinal cord.
D) White matter is mainly dendrites.
30) The relationship between spinal nerves and the spinal cord is most like the relationship
between
A) the hairs on a person’s head.
B) the vertical and horizontal threads woven together to form a piece of cloth.
C) an interstate highway and the many roads that intersect with it via on- and off-ramps.
D) a bowl of spaghetti and the sauce that is poured onto it.
31) Which division of the human nervous system carries signals to skeletal muscles?
A) autonomic nervous system
B) parasympathetic nervous system
C) sympathetic nervous system
D) motor system
32) The autonomic nervous system
A) integrates sensory inputs to the brain.
B) carries signals to and from skeletal muscles.
C) regulates the internal environment of the body.
D) is part of the central nervous system.
33) Which of the following results from stimulation by the parasympathetic nervous system?
A) increased heart rate
B) inhibition of the digestive organs
C) inhibition of urination
D) stimulation of saliva secretion
34) Which of the following results from stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system?
A) release of glucose from the liver
B) decreased heart rate
C) stimulation of the digestive organs
D) constriction of the bronchi
35) The enteric division of the autonomic nervous system consists of neurons in the digestive
tract, the gallbladder, and the
A) heart.
B) lymphatic system.
C) pancreas.
D) thyroid gland.
36) When you are very nervous, perhaps before you must speak in front of your college class,
you notice that your mouth is dry and your heart is racing. This is most likely due to stimulation
by the
A) enteric division of your autonomic nervous system.
B) sympathetic division of your autonomic nervous system.
C) parasympathetic division of your autonomic nervous system.
D) motor division of your parasympathetic nervous system.
10
37) In all vertebrates, the brain consists of the
A) cerebrum, forebrain, and hindbrain.
B) cerebrum, midbrain, and hindbrain.
C) forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
D) cerebrum, cerebellum, and hindbrain.
38) The sophisticated behavior of mammals and birds is directly related to
A) their relatively large cerebrum.
B) the presence of a hindbrain.
C) their relatively large midbrain.
D) the presence of a forebrain.
39) Similar to vertebrates, some invertebrate species such as earthworms and some crustaceans
have a layer of insulation used for increasing the speed of electrical impulse transmission. This
commonly shared physical feature is called the
A) basal ganglia and hippocampus.
B) cerebellum and cerebrum.
C) thalamus and hypothalamus.
D) medulla oblongata and pons.
40) A physician friend of yours is telling you about a patient with a head injury who suddenly
stopped breathing. Your friend explains that the bony rim was pressing against the breathing
center. You guess that the “bony rim” (whatever that is) must have been exerting pressure in the
region of the
A) basal ganglia and hippocampus.
B) cerebellum and cerebrum.
C) thalamus and hypothalamus.
D) medulla oblongata and pons.
41) You start to fall but then catch yourself, regaining your balance. Which of the following
brain regions is responsible for the rapid coordination of muscle activity that kept you from
falling?
A) motor cortex
B) thalamus
C) cerebellum
D) pons
42) What part of the brain sorts incoming information, such as touch signals from your hand, into
categories before relaying it to the cerebral cortex?
A) thalamus
B) hypothalamus
C) pons
D) hippocampus
43) Which of the following brain regions controls the secretion of pituitary hormones and exerts
direct control over many other aspects of homeostasis?
A) thalamus
B) hypothalamus
C) hippocampus
D) cerebellum
44) Our biological clock, which regulates the sleep-wake cycle, is housed within the
A) cerebrum.
B) hypothalamus.
C) cerebellum.
D) brainstem.