Exam
Name___________________________________
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1)
The formation of endodermal and ectodermal germ layers occurs at ________.
1)
A)
fertilization
B)
gastrulation
C)
blastula formation
D)
cleavage
2)
Derivatives of the mesoderm include ________.
2)
A)
glandular derivatives of the digestive tract
B)
epithelium of the digestive tract
C)
endothelium of blood and lymph vessels
D)
all nervous tissue
3)
Which of the choices below occurs if fertilization of the ovum occurs and implantation takes place?
3)
A)
The corpus luteum degenerates and becomes the corpus albicans.
B)
The ovarian cycle begins.
C)
Increased levels of FSH will be produced.
D)
The corpus luteum is maintained until the placenta takes over its hormone–producing
functions.
4)
Which body system of a pregnant woman undergoes the most dramatic physiological changes
during pregnancy?
4)
A)
urinary system
B)
cardiovascular system
C)
respiratory system
D)
digestive system
5)
Derivatives of the endoderm include ________.
5)
A)
synovial membranes of the joints
B)
organs of the urogenital system
C)
blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissue
D)
epithelium of the respiratory tract
6)
Neural tissue is formed by the ________.
6)
A)
epiderm
B)
ectoderm
C)
mesoderm
D)
endoderm
B
7)
The decidua basalis is ________.
7)
A)
the tissue that surrounds the uterine cavity face of the implanted embryo
B)
not a maternal contribution to the placenta
C)
located between the developing embryo and the myometrium
D)
destined to remain in the uterus after the birth of the infant
C
8)
During which stage of labor is the fetus delivered?
8)
A)
dilation stage
B)
expulsion stage
C)
gastrula stage
D)
placental stage
B
9)
It is impossible for sperm to be functional (able to fertilize the egg) until after ________.
9)
A)
the tail disappears
B)
they have been stored in the uterus for several days
C)
they become spermatids
D)
they undergo capacitation
D
D
10)
Which of the following is not assessed as part of the Apgar score?
10)
A)
respiration
B)
temperature
C)
muscle tone
D)
heart rate
11)
What destroys the sperm receptors on the surface of the oocyte?
11)
A)
the acrosomal reaction
B)
the process of capacitation
C)
zonal inhibiting proteins
D)
human placental lactogen
12)
Relaxin is a hormone produced by the placenta and ovaries. The function of this hormone is to
________.
12)
A)
ensure the implantation of the blastula
B)
block the pain of childbirth
C)
prevent morning sickness
D)
relax the pubic symphysis
13)
Proteases and acrosin are enzymes. How do they function in reproduction?
13)
A)
They act to break down the protective barriers around the egg, allowing the sperm to
penetrate.
B)
They neutralize the mucous secretions of the uterine mucosa.
C)
They direct the sperm to the egg through chemical messengers.
D)
Their function is unknown.
14)
The correct sequence of preembryonic structures is ________.
14)
A)
morula, zygote, blastocyst
B)
zygote, blastocyst, morula
C)
zygote, morula, blastocyst
D)
blastocyst, morula, zygote
15)
Hormones concerned with events of lactation include ________.
15)
A)
oxytocin
B)
estrogen
C)
hCG
D)
progesterone
16)
At which stage of labor is the “afterbirth” expelled?
16)
A)
full dilation
B)
placental
C)
expulsion
D)
dystocia
17)
Select the correct statement about fertilization.
17)
A)
If estrogen is present, the pathway through the cervical opening is blocked from sperm entry.
B)
Both spermatozoa and the ovulated secondary oocyte remain viable for about 72 hours in the
female reproductive tract.
C)
Millions of sperm cells are destroyed by the vagina’s acidic environment.
D)
Once inside the uterus, most sperm cells are protected and remain viable.
18)
Estrogen and progesterone maintain the integrity of the uterine lining and prepare the mammary
glands to secrete milk. Which of the following structures makes this possible during the first three
months of pregnancy?
18)
A)
corpus luteum
B)
the chorion
C)
corona radiata
D)
the amnion
19)
The result of polyspermy in humans is ________.
19)
A)
multiple births
B)
interruption of meiosis
C)
a nonfunctional zygote
D)
mitotic insufficiency
20)
Milk ejection or letdown reflex is stimulated by which of the following hormones associated with
pregnancy?
20)
A)
inhibin
B)
gonadotropin
C)
prolactin
D)
oxytocin
21)
Which of the following is not a germ layer?
21)
A)
mesoderm
B)
ectoderm
C)
epiderm
D)
endoderm
22)
How long is the egg viable and capable of being fertilized after it is ovulated?
22)
A)
12–24 hours
B)
36–72 hours
C)
24–36 hours
D)
a full week
23)
Sperm move to the uterine tube through uterine contractions and the energy of their own flagella.
What other factor is involved in sperm movement?
23)
A)
hormonal attraction to the ova
B)
the cilia on the apex of the cells lining the endometrium
C)
the increased temperature in the vagina, which stimulates sperm motility
D)
reverse peristalsis of the uterus and uterine tubes
24)
Implantation of the blastocyst is the result of all of the following except ________.
24)
A)
phagocytosis by the trophoblast cells
B)
adherence of the trophoblast cells to the endometrium
C)
proteolytic enzymes produced by the trophoblast cells
D)
settling of the blastocyst onto the prepared uterine lining
25)
Muscle tissue is formed by the ________.
25)
A)
mesoderm
B)
ectoderm
C)
epiderm
D)
endoderm
26)
The placenta, a vitally important metabolic organ, is made up of a contribution from mother and
fetus. Which portion is from the fetus?
26)
A)
yolk sac
B)
amnion
C)
chorion
D)
umbilicus
27)
The cardiovascular system of a newborn must be adjusted after the infant takes its first breath.
Which of the following is also true?
27)
A)
The ductus venosus is disconnected at the severing of the umbilical cord and all visceral
blood goes into the vena cava.
B)
The foramen ovale between the atria of the fetal heart closes at the moment of birth.
C)
The urinary system is activated at birth.
D)
The ductus arteriosus constricts and is converted to the ligamentum arteriosum.
28)
The trophoblast is mostly responsible for forming the ________.
28)
A)
lining of the endometrium
B)
allantois
C)
archenteron
D)
placental tissue
29)
Which of the following is not a correct matching of a fetal structure with what it becomes at birth?
29)
A)
ductus arteriosusligamentum teres
B)
foramen ovalefossa ovalis
C)
ductus venosusligamentum venosum
D)
umbilical arteriesmedial umbilical ligament
30)
Select the correct statement about the special fetal blood vessels.
30)
A)
The fossa ovalis becomes the foramen ovale.
B)
The umbilical vein becomes the ligamentum teres.
C)
The hepatic portal vein forms from the umbilical artery.
D)
The distal parts of the umbilical arteries form the superior vesical arteries.
31)
Which of the following is true in reference to what may pass through the placental barriers?
31)
A)
nutrients and respiratory gases only
B)
respiratory gases, hormones, nutrients, and blood cells
C)
nutrients, respiratory gases, wastes, and alcohol
D)
hormones, blood cells, and nutrients
32)
Which hormone maintains the viability of the corpus luteum?
32)
A)
progesterone
B)
estrogen
C)
human placental lactogen
D)
human chorionic gonadotropin
33)
Which of the following events does not occur during the first 8 weeks of development?
33)
A)
presence of all body systems
B)
myelination of the spinal cord
C)
formation of a functional cardiovascular system
D)
beginning of ossification
34)
Which of the following is not usually considered a teratogen?
34)
A)
thalidomide
B)
aspirin
C)
German measles
D)
wine
35)
Which hormone is not produced by the placenta?
35)
A)
human placental lactogen
B)
human chorionic thyrotropin
C)
inhibin
D)
relaxin
36)
Cleavage as part of embryonic development is distinctive because it involves ________.
36)
A)
cell division by mitosis with little or no growth between successive divisions
B)
meiotic cell divisions
C)
splitting the cell into two separate cells
D)
forming the primary germ layer
37)
Shortly after implantation ________.
37)
A)
the embryo gastrulates (within 3 days)
B)
myometrical cells cover and seal off the blastocyst
C)
maternal blood sinuses bathe the inner cell mass
D)
the trophoblast forms two distinct layers
38)
The dorsal surface cells of the inner cell mass form ________.
38)
A)
the primitive streak
B)
one of the fetal membranes
C)
a structure called the embryonic disc
D)
the notochord
39)
A premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall is called ________.
39)
A)
placenta previa
B)
ectopic pregnancy
C)
placenta cleavage
D)
abrupto placenta
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
40)
Neural tissue develops from the ________.
40)
41)
At what time in the pregnancy is the placenta fully prepared to fulfill the needs of the
developing fetus?
41)
Explanation:
Figure 28.1
Using Figure 28.1, match the following:
42)
Trachea.
42)
Explanation:
Explanation:
Figure 28.2
Using Figure 28.2, match the following:
43)
The part of the endometrium that surrounds the uterine cavity face of the implanted
embryo.
43)
44)
After the egg is fertilized, it is called a(n) ________.
44)
Figure 28.1
Using Figure 28.1, match the following:
45)
Liver.
45)
46)
Describe the events of the oocyte from sperm penetration to first cleavage.
46)
Figure 28.2
Using Figure 28.2, match the following:
47)
The part of the endometrium destined to be a part of the placenta.
47)
48)
The ________ stage of development is the first in which all three germ layers of tissue are
evident.
48)
49)
When do we begin to call the developing individual a fetus rather than an embryo?
49)
50)
Explain what triggers a baby’s first breath.
50)
51)
Briefly describe the events leading to the implantation of the blastocyst in the uterus,
including how it is nourished.
51)
52)
Describe the events allowing monospermy.
52)
53)
The first axial support for the embryo is called the ________.
53)
54)
As the newborn suckles, the mother’s pituitary produces ________ to assist in producing
milk.
54)
Figure 28.1
Using Figure 28.1, match the following:
55)
Pancreas.
55)
Figure 28.2
Using Figure 28.2, match the following:
56)
Protective water–filled sac surrounding the embryo.
56)
57)
List four factors that help to precipitate parturition.
57)
58)
________ is a tissue with star–shaped cells that are free to migrate widely throughout the
embryo.
58)
59)
The ________ cells of the blastocyst will take part in placental formation.
59)