Unlock document.
This document is partially blurred.
Unlock all pages and 1 million more documents.
Get Access
Campbell Biology: Concepts and Connections, 8e (Reece et al.)
Chapter 26 Hormones and the Endocrine System
26.1 Multiple-Choice Questions
1) Hormones are chemicals produced by the endocrine system that
A) control the formation of urine.
B) regulate a variety of body functions, such as metabolism.
C) are stimulated by the action of metabolic enzymes.
D) function to prevent a variety of diseases, such as diabetes.
2) How are hormones distributed to tissues, and what determines which cells hormones will
affect?
A) They are carried throughout the body in the bloodstream, and each hormone affects target
cells that have receptors for it.
B) They are carried to specific organs by lymphatic vessels and affect the cells in those organs.
C) They are delivered by neurosecretory cells to specific tissues and affect the cells in those
tissues.
D) They are distributed locally in the interstitial fluid and affect nearby responsive target cells.
3) Compared to the endocrine system, the nervous system
A) has a faster response, but the signal does not last as long.
B) has a slower response and a signal that does not last as long.
C) has a faster response with a longer-lasting signal.
D) has a slower response with a longer-lasting signal.
2
4) Which of the following statements is true?
A) Hormones travel via specific pathways to specific cells, while electrical signals travel through
the blood to all areas of the body.
B) Effects of hormones last for brief periods of time, while effects of electrical signals last for
long periods of time.
C) It takes longer for hormones to be released into the bloodstream and taken to target cells than
it does for electrical signals to be transmitted.
D) Hormones have a direct connection with target cells, while electrical signals do not.
5) Neurosecretory cells
A) coordinate the body's responses to stimuli such as dehydration, low blood glucose level, and
stress.
B) are restricted to the endocrine system.
C) participate in the nervous and endocrine systems.
D) produce hormones that will regulate nontarget cells.
6) The two main classes of molecules that function as hormones are steroid hormones and
hormones that are derived from
A) amino acids.
B) cholesterol.
C) nucleic acids.
D) long-chain fatty acids.
7) Which of the following options lists the sequence of events in the cell-signaling process in the
correct order?
A) reception, response, signal transduction
B) signal transduction, reception, response
C) signal transduction, response, reception
D) reception, signal transduction, response
8) Why must some hormones bind to a membrane receptor on a target cell's surface in order to
activate it?
A) for activation by ATP
B) because they are not water-soluble
C) because they cannot cross cell membranes
D) to stimulate endocytosis to internalize the hormone
9) The result of binding a signal molecule to its receptor is
A) production of a protein by the target cell, followed by death.
B) cell division.
C) signal transduction.
D) partitioning of the nucleus within the target cell.
10) A target cell that is affected by a particular steroid hormone would be expected to have
A) an intracellular receptor protein that binds the hormone.
B) a cell-surface receptor protein that binds the hormone.
C) enzymes that are activated or inactivated by the intracellular hormone-receptor complex.
D) enzymes that are activated or inactivated by the hormone's second messenger.
11) Steroid hormones are lipids made from
A) amino acids.
B) cholesterol.
C) nucleic acids.
D) carbohydrates and amino acids.
12) Which of the following statements about steroid hormones is true?
A) Steroid hormones cause the production of cAMP.
B) Steroid hormones are polar molecules that cannot pass through the cell membrane.
C) Steroid hormones bind to receptors in the plasma membrane.
D) Steroid hormones bind to specific receptor proteins, and the complex acts as a gene activator.
13) A single steroid hormone can cause different effects in different cells by
A) binding to different receptors.
B) acting on different organelles.
C) activating different second messengers.
D) activating different enzymes.
14) Which of the following statements regarding endocrine glands is true?
A) Some endocrine glands, like the pituitary, have other endocrine glands as their targets.
B) The sex organs and the thyroid gland produce steroid hormones.
C) The pancreas has only nonendocrine functions.
D) Most of the endocrine glands produce steroid hormones.
15) Which of the following endocrine glands synthesizes melatonin?
A) pineal
B) adrenal cortex
C) thyroid
D) parathyroid
16) Which of the following hormones stimulates and maintains metabolic processes?
A) calcitonin
B) thyroxine
C) oxytocin
D) melatonin
17) Which of the following options correctly pairs an endocrine gland or hormone with an aspect
of metabolism that it regulates?
A) parathyroid—stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
B) pancreas—stimulates growth of the uterine lining
C) insulin—regulates blood glucose levels
D) prolactin—manages blood potassium levels
18) Which of the following is an endocrine gland that raises blood calcium levels?
A) parathyroid
B) thyroid gland
C) pituitary gland
D) testes
19) Which of the following statements about glands and hormones is true?
A) The anterior pituitary produces multiple hormones that affect activity of other endocrine
glands and cells of the body.
B) The posterior pituitary produces melatonin, which helps regulate biological rhythms.
C) The pineal gland is the master control center of the endocrine system.
D) The hypothalamus is an endocrine gland responsible for producing the hormone calcitonin.
20) Which of the following hormones is released by neurosecretory cells extending from the
hypothalamus?
A) estrogen
B) growth hormone
C) oxytocin
D) calcitonin
21) Which of the following hormones affects the greatest variety of cell types?
A) parathyroid hormone
B) melatonin
C) growth hormone
D) calcitonin
22) TRH is a type of ________ hormone secreted by the ________.
A) steroid; thyroid gland
B) releasing; hypothalamus
C) peptide; thymus
D) releasing; anterior pituitary
23) Which gland requires the element iodine to produce its hormones?
A) adrenal medulla
B) thyroid
C) pineal
D) ovary
24) An excess of T3 and T4 in the blood is hyperthyroidism, which in its most common form is
called
A) goiter.
B) sterility.
C) Graves' disease.
D) botulism.
25) Biological responses to stress are enabled by the adrenal glands. If on your birthday your
friends hid inside your house to surprise you with a collective "Happy birthday!" when you
opened the door, you would experience short-term stress. Which action of the adrenal glands
would help you overcome this surprise stress?
A) suppressed immune system and increased blood volume
B) increased alertness and increased blood glucose
C) retention of sodium ions and water by the kidneys and increased metabolic rate
D) increased blood pressure and breathing rate
26) Which of the following may be a consequence of low secretion of parathyroid hormone?
A) convulsive contractions of skeletal muscles
B) gigantism
C) exhaustion of the immune system
D) loss of calcium from the bone
27) Which of the following pairs of hormones have opposite effects?
A) testosterone and melatonin
B) progesterone and insulin
C) parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
D) oxytocin and prolactin
28) Which gland exerts primary control over the concentration of sugar in the blood?
A) liver
B) pineal
C) pancreas
D) parathyroid
29) Which of the following is a nonsteroid hormone?
A) glucagon
B) a glucocorticoid
C) estrogen
D) androgen
30) Which of the following statements best describes the relationship of insulin to glucagon?
A) They work together to prepare the body to deal with stress.
B) Insulin stimulates the pancreas to secrete glucagon.
C) They are antagonistic hormones.
D) Insulin is a steroid hormone; glucagon is a protein hormone.
31) When the concentration of glucose in the blood rises following digestion of a meal, what is
the hormonal response?
A) Levels of both glucagon and insulin increase.
B) More glucagon is released.
C) More insulin is released.
D) Neither glucagon nor insulin is released.
32) Which of the following hormones causes glucose release and, consequently, a rise in the
concentration of sugar in the blood?
A) insulin
B) glucagon
C) calcitonin
D) oxytocin
33) What is the metabolic abnormality that underlies the characteristic symptoms of diabetes
mellitus?
A) a failure of the kidney tubules to reabsorb enough glucose from the urine
B) an inability of the body's cells to switch from glucose metabolism to fat metabolism between
meals
C) an inability of the body's cells to retain glucose they have absorbed from the blood
D) an inability of the body's cells to absorb enough glucose from the blood
34) Which of the following is associated with obesity and occurs because cells of the body fail to
respond adequately to insulin?
A) type 1 diabetes
B) type 2 diabetes
C) hyperglycemia
D) hypoglycemia
35) Which of the following glands is/are located nearest the kidneys?
A) ovaries
B) pancreas
C) pineal glands
D) adrenal glands
36) Which of the following glands secretes hormones that enable the body to respond to stress?
A) pancreas
B) adrenal
C) pineal
D) parathyroid
37) Which of the following is a function of epinephrine?
A) release of glucose from the liver
B) decreased heart rate
C) decreased metabolic rate
D) increased digestive activities
38) Which of the following act(s) mainly to regulate salt and water balance?
A) mineralocorticoids
B) glucocorticoids
C) androgens
D) oxytocin
39) High levels of which of the following hormones can suppress the body's immune system?
A) glucagon
B) mineralocorticoids
C) glucocorticoids
D) antidiuretic hormone
40) Which of the following is one of the three major categories of sex hormones?
A) glucocorticoids
B) estrogens
C) glucagons
D) prolactins
41) Androgens stimulate
A) the female reproductive system.
B) growth of breasts in mammals.
C) growth of facial hair in humans.
D) ovulation.
42) The hormone prolactin, found in distantly related vertebrates, exerts different effects in
different species. From an evolutionary standpoint, this is an indication that prolactin
A) can only have functions related to childbirth.
B) is an ancient hormone whose function diversified through evolution.
C) was a recent evolutionary adaptation.
D) was not required in fish and amphibians.
43) Prolactin is a hormone whose molecular structure has remained stable over evolutionary time
but whose hormonal role has changed dramatically in different animal species. This is an
excellent example of how evolution
A) is responsible for mutation in vertebrates.
B) occurs rapidly at the molecular level to keep up with changing environmental influences.
C) has stayed within narrow boundaries in regard to regulation of homeostasis.
D) can both preserve unity and promote diversity.
44) A mutation in the gene for hormone A causes it to be unable to bind to its receptor protein.
What do you predict will happen?
A) The receptor protein will not be activated and therefore will not initiate a signal transduction
pathway.
B) The receptor protein will change shape in order to bind with hormone A.
C) The water-soluble hormone molecule will not be able to pass through the phospholipid
bilayer.
D) The water-soluble hormone molecule will not be able to pass through the interstitial fluid.
45) Prednisone is a synthetic version of what natural hormone that is often prescribed to
individuals who are suffering from redness and swelling due to allergies?
A) mineralocorticoid
B) glucocorticoid
C) estrogen
D) progestin
46) Glucocorticoids help reduce inflammation, but they can also cause liver cells to produce
extra sugar. This could lead to high blood sugar levels and bring about steroid-produced
________.
A) gigantism
B) androgen insensitivity
C) hyperthyroidism
D) diabetes mellitus
47) The production of estrogen and progesterone is drastically decreased in women experiencing
menopause. This can cause women to experience poor sleep, night sweats, thinning of bones, and
brief moments of feeling hot. What is another biological effect of low amounts of these
hormones in women?
A) being no longer able to maintain normal nerve cell development
B) being no longer able to reproduce successfully
C) being likely to become anemic
D) being likely to experience joint swelling
48) Feeling tired after a long day of work, you walk across a parking lot at night to get to your
car. As you approach the car you see a shadow extending behind the back of the car. You
immediately feel a rush of energy, your heart starts pounding, and you feel wide awake and alert.
You are experiencing
A) an allergic reaction.
B) a surge in blood glucose.
C) the fight-or-flight response.
D) effects of endocrine disruptors.
49) Feeling tired after a long day of work, you walk across a parking lot at night to get to your
car. As you approach the car you see a shadow extending behind the back of the car. You
immediately feel a rush of energy, your heart starts pounding, and you feel wide awake and alert.
You slowly circle around to the back of the car and see that the shadow is coming from a parking
lot sign above your car. You breathe a sigh of relief and start to calm down. You think about how
you just felt in that scary situation and realize that you had the same reaction when you were
called on in class to answer a question in front of everyone. Your teacher used that exercise to
describe that the hormone ________ can be produced in fearful situations by ________.
A) epinephrine; adrenal glands
B) epinephrine; parathyroid glands
C) glucagon; pancreas
D) calcitonin; thyroid gland
26.2 Art Questions
1) Which molecule in this figure portraying water-soluble hormone action is the receptor
protein?
A) molecule A
B) molecule B
C) molecule C
D) molecule D
2) Which step in this figure portraying lipid-soluble hormone action shows transcription in
response to the bound hormone-receptor complex?
A) step 1
B) step 2
C) step 3
D) step 4
26.3 Scenario Questions
After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Recent studies have shown that the onset of puberty in American girls has decreased from an
average of 12-13 years of age to as young as 8-10. Many scientists who study premature puberty
suggest that steroids in our food and in the environment may be contributing factors, since
steroids are known to cross cell membranes and bind to receptors inside cells.
Why are hormones present in our foods? Synthetic testosterone compounds (similar to those
used by some athletes) make young animals gain weight faster so they are ready for market
sooner. Female animals receive synthetic estrogen to inhibit the reproductive cycle and divert all
energy into weight gain. In the United States, up to two-thirds of meat animals are raised using
hormones. In addition, hormones are used to increase milk production in dairy cattle.
Scientific investigation of the exact effects of environmental steroids on humans is extremely
difficult since there are multiple sources of hormones in the environment. A valid study would
require a control group who hasn't been exposed to the chemicals being studied. Since everyone
has had some exposure to environmental hormones, no control group is available to use as a
reference.
1) When environmental estrogens trigger premature puberty in girls, the main organs affected are
the
A) ovaries and uterus.
B) thyroid gland and pituitary gland.
C) adrenal cortex.
D) pituitary gland and parathyroid glands.
2) How are steroids able to cross cell membranes and enter cells?
A) Steroids and cell membranes both contain receptor proteins.
B) Steroids are able to pass through the phospholipid bilayer and bind to receptors inside the cell.
C) Steroids can diffuse through open channel proteins in the membrane.
D) Steroids move through cell membranes, such as water, by osmosis.
After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Recent studies suggest that flame retardants, chemicals that are used for slow burning, can mimic
estrogen hormones found in the human body. The scientists investigating this phenomenon
developed three-dimensional images to show how the chemical structure of certain flame
retardants allows the retardants to bind to and inhibit an enzyme (estrogen sulfotransferase) that
metabolizes estrogen.
Suppose the scientists want to conduct a study of the effects of flame retardants on estrogen
levels. In a hypothetical study, the scientists use frogs to test the effects of flame retardants
because the frogs' skin is highly permeable and therefore allows for easy absorption of
chemicals.
The scientists collected 20 wild adult frogs and brought them to a laboratory. Ten of the frogs
(group 1: five male and five female) were kept in tanks mimicking their natural environment.
The other ten frogs (group 2: five male, five female) were kept in tanks identical to those of
group 1 but were introduced to low amounts of flame retardants in the shallow water in their
tank. Estrogen levels were measured on the first day of the experiment and then every 4 days for
20 days.
3) Flame retardants are an example of
A) lipid-soluble hormones.
B) endocrine disrupters.
C) progestins.
D) androgens.
4) What will be the result when estrogen sulfotransferase is inhibited?
A) Epinephrine will cease to be produced.
B) A diminished amount of estrogen will be present.
C) An overabundance of glucocorticoids will be present.
D) An overabundance of estrogen will be present.
5) Why is group 1 needed in this experiment?
A) Group 1 is the standard of comparison for the experimental group.
B) Group 1 is the standard of comparison for only adult males.
C) Group 1 is the standard of comparison for only adult females.
D) Group 1 allows for reliable comparison of all ages of female frogs in the study.
Results of the experiment yield the data shown in the following graph.
The figure shows percentage of male and female frogs with flame retardants in their blood in two
groups: Group 1 was not exposed to flame retardants, and group 2 was exposed to low doses.
6) What is one overall conclusion that you can draw from these results?
A) There was no noticeable difference between the male and female frogs in group 2 in
percentage of frogs with high retardant levels.
B) As compared to the group 1 male frogs, group 1 female frogs had a lower percentage of frogs
with high retardant levels.
C) As compared to the group 2 female frogs, there were a lower percentage of group 2 male
frogs with high levels of flame retardants in their blood.
D) As compared to the group 2 male frogs, there were a lower percentage of group 2 female
frogs with high levels of flame retardants in their blood.
After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Oxytocin is a hormone produced by the posterior pituitary gland that causes female uterine
muscles to contract during childbirth and female mammary glands to eject milk during nursing.
Oxytocin also occurs naturally in males and is involved in movement of sperm and production of
testosterone. It has been given the common name of "the love hormone" because oxytocin is
linked to human behaviors including sexual arousal and trust.
In 2012, The Atlantic (a popular news source) published a brief online news summary that
explained that when scientists in Germany gave men who were in a monogamous relationship
with a woman a nasal spray containing oxytocin, the men were less attracted to an attractive
female stranger than men who were given a nasal spray with no oxytocin. While The Atlantic
provided a link to the original scientific study, they drew conclusions and stated implications of
it that included the following:
1. In men, oxytocin promotes monogamous relationships because it keeps them from
communicating with women who are attractive to them.
2. If a man is unable to obtain a nasal spray with oxytocin, there are other means by which
oxytocin release can be stimulated during a monogamous relationship: sexual intercourse, hand-
holding, and touching.
7) Biologically, why might oxytocin have the nickname "the love hormone?"
A) because it has a role in reproductive behavior of males only
B) because it has a role in reproductive behavior of females only
C) because it has a role in reproductive behavior of both males and females
D) because it has a role in androgen development
8) In addition to biological reasons, what other implications does the role of oxytocin have?
A) Oxytocin can decrease the amount of time it takes for a female to give birth.
B) Oxytocin can decrease the chance that women in monogamous relationships will be attracted
to men other than their mate.
C) Oxytocin can affect human social behaviors.
D) Oxytocin can weaken the bond that men and women share in a relationship.
9) What is the main evidence that you would use to decide whether the conclusions and
implications that The Atlantic published were valid?
A) the online news story from The Atlantic
B) the original scientific study
C) a different online summary of the original scientific study
D) a different original scientific study on a hormone that is biologically similar to oxytocin
