CHAPTER 26—PROKARYOTES: BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following statements about prokaryotes is false?
a.
They lack a true nucleus.
b.
They are generally smaller than eukaryotes.
c.
They are found only in certain niches.
d.
They have a wide range of metabolic activities.
e.
They may have a bigger biomass than plants.
2. The three domains of life are
a.
eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses.
b.
animals, plants, and microorganisms.
c.
Prokaryota, Eukaryota, and Protoctista.
d.
Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, and Eukaryota.
e.
Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
3. Biosphere 2 was an attempt by scientists to build a completely closed ecosystem in Arizona. It failed
because of the
a.
decreased level of oxygen through respiration by soil microorganisms.
b.
contamination of food by soil microorganisms.
c.
disease outbreak caused by soil microorganisms.
d.
increased level of carbon dioxide produced by photosynthetic microorganisms.
e.
inability of soil microorganisms to recycle nitrogen.
4. Which of the following does not contribute to prokaryotic genetic variability?
a.
mutation
b.
binary fission
c.
gene transfer by conjugation
d.
gene transfer by transduction
e.
gene transfer by transformation
5. DNA in prokaryotes is found in
a.
the nucleoid.
b.
the nucleolus.
c.
plasmids.
d.
the nucleoid and plasmids.
e.
the nucleolus and plasmids.
6. The genome of prokaryotes consists of
a.
a single linear DNA molecule.
b.
a single circular DNA molecule.
c.
many linear DNA molecules.
d.
many circular DNA molecules.
e.
a single DNA molecule that may be circular or linear, depending on the species.
7. Prokaryotes that are curved and comma-like are called
a.
cocci.
b.
bacilli.
c.
vibrios.
d.
spirilla.
e.
sarcina.
8. The major structural component of bacterial cell walls is
a.
cellulose.
b.
chitin.
c.
proteoglycan.
d.
peptidoglycan.
e.
arabinogalactan.
9. If the peptidoglycan layer is between two plasma membranes in an organism, that organism is
a.
Gram-negative
b.
an archaean
c.
Gram-positive
d.
chemoautotrophic
e.
eukaryotic
10. The correct sequence of reagents in the Gram stain technique is
a.
iodine, alcohol, safranin, crystal violet.
b.
safranin, crystal violet, alcohol, iodine.
c.
crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, safranin.
d.
crystal violet, alcohol, iodine, safranin.
e.
alcohol, iodine, crystal violet, safranin.
11. After performing a Gram stain of a mixed culture of Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells, you
realize that you omitted the iodine step. What would you expect to see if you observed the slide under
the microscope?
a.
pink Gram-positive and purple Gram-negative cells
b.
purple Gram-positive and pink Gram-negative cells
c.
pink Gram-positive and pink Gram-negative cells
d.
colorless Gram-positive and pink Gram-negative cells
e.
colorless Gram-positive and colorless Gram-negative cells
12. A Gram-positive bacterium is characterized by the
a.
presence of a thin cell wall.
b.
presence of a thick cell wall.
c.
absence of a cell wall.
d.
presence of an outer membrane.
e.
absence of ribosomes.
13. The lipopolysaccharides are associated with the
a.
outer membrane of Gram-positive bacteria.
b.
outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
c.
plasma membrane of Gram-positive bacteria.
d.
plasma membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
e.
plasma membrane of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
14. Capsules may protect the bacterium against all of the following EXCEPT
a.
desiccation.
b.
antibiotics.
c.
antibodies.
d.
osmotic lysis.
e.
viruses.
15. Ribosomes are composed of
a.
proteins only.
b.
proteins and DNA.
c.
proteins and RNA.
d.
glycolipids and DNA.
e.
glycolipids and RNA.
16. Which of the following does NOT describe bacterial flagella?
a.
smaller and simpler than eukaryotic flagella
b.
consist of a helical fiber of protein
c.
found in all motile bacteria
d.
powered by a gradient of hydrogen ions
e.
lacks microtubules.
17. Arrange the following layers from most external to most internal.
1 = Cell membrane
2 = Capsule
3 = Cell wall
a.
1, 2, 3
b.
2, 1, 3
c.
2, 3, 1
d.
3, 1, 2
e.
3, 2, 1
18. An organism that obtains its energy by oxidizing organic or inorganic substances is a (an)
a.
autotroph.
b.
auxotroph.
c.
heterotroph.
d.
chemotroph.
e.
phototroph.
19. An organism that obtains its carbon from CO2 is a (an)
a.
autotroph.
b.
auxotroph.
c.
heterotroph.
d.
chemotroph.
e.
phototroph.
20. An organism that obtains its energy from sunlight is a (an)
a.
autotroph.
b.
auxotroph.
c.
heterotroph.
d.
chemotroph.
e.
phototroph.
21. Which of the following includes most of the bacteria that cause human disease?
a.
chemoautotroph
b.
chemoheterotroph
c.
photoautotroph
d.
photoheterotroph
e.
chemoautotroph and photoheterotroph
22. Which of the following includes the cyanobacteria?
a.
chemoautotroph
b.
chemoheterotroph
c.
photoautotroph
d.
photoheterotroph
e.
chemoautotroph and photoheterotroph
23. Which of the following includes the purple nonsulfur bacteria?
a.
chemoautotroph
b.
chemoheterotroph
c.
photoautotroph
d.
photoheterotroph
e.
chemoautotroph and photoheterotroph
24. Which of the following is unique to prokaryotes?
a.
chemoautotroph
b.
chemoheterotroph
c.
photoautotroph
d.
photoheterotroph
e.
chemoautotroph and photoheterotroph
Use the figure above for the following question(s).
25. Which type of cell is represented in this figure?
a.
a Gram-positive bacterium
b.
a Gram-negative bacterium
c.
either a Gram-positive or a Gram-negative bacterium
d.
an archaeal cell
e.
any prokaryotic cell
26. Which number identifies the structure that carries supplemental genetic information?
a.
1
b.
2
c.
3
d.
4
e.
5
27. Which number identifies the structure that carries out protein synthesis?
a.
2
b.
4
c.
5
d.
6
e.
9
28. Which number identifies the structure that facilitates movement?
a.
1
b.
2
c.
3
d.
4
e.
5
29. Which number identifies a structure that aids in attachment?
a.
1
b.
2
c.
3
d.
7
e.
8
30. Which number identifies a structure that is composed of polysaccharides?
a.
1
b.
3
c.
6
d.
7
e.
9
31. Which numbers identify structures that are found in ALL prokaryotes?
a.
2 and 4
b.
3 and 4
c.
1 and 5
d.
5 and 9
e.
7 and 8
32. Which type of bacteria grows in the presence or absence of oxygen?
a.
obligate aerobes
b.
obligate anaerobes
c.
facultative anaerobes
d.
obligate aerobes and obligate anaerobes
e.
obligate anaerobes and facultative anaerobes
33. In biological nitrogen-fixation,
a.
ammonia is converted to nitrogen gas.
b.
nitrogen gas (N2) is converted to ammonia (NH3).
c.
ammonia is converted to nitrate.
d.
amino acids are linked into proteins in ribosomes.
e.
nitrate is converted to ammonia.
34. Why is the process of nitrogen fixation by prokaryotes essential?
a.
It removes nitrogen from the soil.
b.
It converts atmospheric nitrogen to a non-toxic form.
c.
It provides nitrogen sources for plants and animals.
d.
It provides an energy source for photosynthesis.
e.
It allows for the breakdown of complex macromolecules.
35. Which of the following BEST describes the process of nitrification?
a.
N2 → NH4+
b.
NH4+ → N2
c.
N2 → NO3−
d.
NO3− → N2
e.
NH4+ → NO3−
36. Prokaryotes typically undergo ____ via the process of ____.
a.
asexual reproduction; mitosis
b.
sexual reproduction; meiosis
c.
asexual reproduction; binary fission
d.
sexual reproduction; binary fission
e.
asexual reproduction; budding
37. ____ are dormant structures formed by certain bacteria in response to unfavorable environmental
conditions.
a.
Capsids
b.
Endospores
c.
Endotoxins
d.
Exotoxins
e.
Heterocysts
38. Which of the following statements about biofilms is true?
a.
They are formed by prokaryotes living in a watery environment.
b.
They may develop on surgical implants.
c.
An example is dental plaque.
d.
They are formed by prokaryotes living in a watery environment and they may develop on
surgical implants.
e.
They are formed by prokaryotes living in a watery environment, they may develop on
surgical implants, and an example is dental plaque.
39. How long does it take for a biofilm to form?
a.
seconds to minutes
b.
minutes to hours
c.
hours to days
d.
days to months
e.
months to years
40. Plaque is _____ caused by _____.
a.
an infectious disease; bacterial biofilms
d.
a non-infectious disease; E. coli
b.
a non-infectious disease; inflammation of
the gums
e.
an infectious disease; E. coli
c.
an infectious disease; non-pathogenic
bacteria
41. Which of the following would indicate the presence of plaque?
a.
Presence of the bacterium E. coli in a
human’s mouth.
d.
A bacterial culture from a human’s mouth
that appears purple after Gram staining.
b.
A bacterial culture from a human’s mouth
that appears pink after Gram staining.
e.
Non-pathogenic biofilms in a human’s
mouth.
c.
Presence of cyanobacteria in a human’s
mouth.
Use the figure above for the following question(s); B, D, and E are domains.
42. Which branch of this phylogenetic tree identifies the common ancestor of all modern organisms?
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
43. Which branch of this phylogenetic tree identifies a kingdom?
a.
C
b.
D
c.
E
d.
D and E
e.
C, D, and E
44. Which branch of this phylogenetic tree identifies Bacteria?
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
45. Which branch of this phylogenetic tree identifies Archaea?
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
46. Which branch of this phylogenetic tree identifies Eukarya?
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
47. Which branch is most closely related to (shares a unique common ancestor with) the eukaryotes?
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
e.
E
48. Which of the following best describes the number of distinct evolutionary branches in the domain
Bacteria, as revealed by genome sequencing studies?
a.
3−4
b.
6−7
c.
9−10
d.
at least 12
e.
at least 20