Exam
Name___________________________________
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1)
Select the correct statement about the regulation of gastric secretion.
1)
A)
Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth.
B)
Gastric secretion is enhanced by very low pH (below a pH of 2).
C)
The presence of food in the stomach prevents hormonal control of gastric secretion.
D)
Vagus stimulation of the stomach results in decreased secretion of gastric juice.
2)
There are some 20 known pathogens found in the large intestine; our Ig ________
antibody–mediated response restricts them from going beyond the mucosa and causing problems.
2)
A)
M
B)
D
C)
E
D)
A
3)
What part of the tooth bears the force of chewing?
3)
A)
crown
B)
cementum
C)
pulp
D)
enamel
4)
Which of the following is not characteristic of the large intestine? It ________.
4)
A)
exhibits external muscular bands called teniae coli
B)
has pocket–like sacs called haustra
C)
does not contain villi
D)
is longer than the small intestine
5)
Short–chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific
enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible?
5)
A)
cholecystokinin
B)
lipase
C)
pepsin
D)
rennin
6)
The salivary glands are composed of which two types of secretory cells?
6)
A)
cuboidal epithelium and ciliated columnar cells
B)
parietal cells and glial cells
C)
goblet cells and squamous epithelial cells
D)
serous cells and mucous cells
7)
Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the stimulation of acid secretions in the
stomach. These secretions are stimulated by the presence of ________.
7)
A)
simple carbohydrates and alcohols
B)
fatty acids
C)
protein and peptide fragments
D)
starches and complex carbohydrates
8)
Which of these is not a component of saliva?
8)
A)
a cyanide derivative
B)
nitric oxide
C)
defensins
D)
lysozyme
9)
The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ________.
9)
A)
mesenteries
B)
lamina propria
C)
mucosal lining
D)
serosal lining
10)
The layer of the digestive tube that contains blood vessels, lymphatic nodes, and a rich supply of
elastic fibers is the ________.
10)
A)
submucosa
B)
mucosa
C)
serosa
D)
muscularis externa
11)
When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo
catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called
________.
11)
A)
absorption
B)
mechanical digestion
C)
secretion
D)
chemical digestion
12)
Which of the following is not true of saliva?
12)
A)
moistens food and aids in compacting of the bolus
B)
contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins
C)
cleanses the mouth
D)
dissolves food chemicals so they can be tasted
13)
Pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________.
13)
A)
chief cells of the stomach
B)
Brunner’s glands
C)
parietal cells of the duodenum
D)
goblet cells of the small intestine
14)
Which of the following enzymes is specific for proteins?
14)
A)
lipase
B)
dextrinase
C)
amylase
D)
trypsin
15)
Select the correct statement about electrolyte absorption.
15)
A)
Chlorine ion absorption is coupled to glucose and amino acid transport.
B)
If vitamin B is not present, calcium is not absorbed.
C)
Iron and calcium are absorbed mostly by the duodenum.
D)
Potassium moves across the epithelium by active transport.
16)
Hepatocytes do not ________.
16)
A)
process nutrients
B)
store fat–soluble vitamins
C)
produce digestive enzymes
D)
detoxify toxic chemicals
C
17)
Choose the incorrect statement regarding bile.
17)
A)
Bile contains enzymes for digestion.
B)
Bile is both an excretory product and a digestive secretion.
C)
Bile functions to emulsify fats.
D)
Bile functions to carry bilirubin formed from breakdown of worn–out RBCs.
A
18)
Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of
________.
18)
A)
anabolism
B)
catabolism
C)
fermentation
D)
mastication
B
19)
Which of the following are types of papillae on the tongue that contain taste buds?
19)
A)
fungiform, circumvallate, and filiform
B)
fungiform and circumvallate
C)
palatine and circumvallate
D)
circumvallate and filiform
B
C
20)
A baby is admitted to the hospital with a history of projectile vomiting after each feeding. On
examination, it is found that the sphincter controlling food passage from the stomach to the
duodenum is thickened and does not open readily. Because of the baby’s loss of gastric juice, his
blood probably indicates ________.
20)
A)
dysphagia
B)
ketosis
C)
acidosis
D)
alkalosis
21)
The solutes contained in saliva include ________.
21)
A)
electrolytes, digestive enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA
B)
mucin, lysozyme, electrolytes, salts, and minerals
C)
only salts and minerals
D)
only proteases and amylase
22)
Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth?
22)
A)
The number of permanent teeth is always equal to the number of primary teeth.
B)
There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge.
C)
The number of upper permanent teeth is not equal to the number of lower permanent teeth.
D)
There are 27 permanent teeth, and the first molars are usually the last to emerge.
23)
In addition to storage and mechanical breakdown of food, the stomach ________.
23)
A)
is the first site where absorption takes place
B)
is the only place where fats are completely digested
C)
is the first site where chemical digestion of starch takes place
D)
initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins
24)
The dental formula for an adult is 2–1–2–3. What does the 1 stand for?
24)
A)
incisor tooth
B)
molar tooth
C)
canine tooth
D)
premolar tooth
25)
Select the statement that is true concerning primary teeth.
25)
A)
There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20.
B)
There are 32 primary teeth, and by 36 months of age, most children have all 32.
C)
There are 24 primary teeth, and no new primary teeth appear after 13 months.
D)
There are 27 primary teeth, and the molars are permanent.
26)
Gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin are hormones or
paracrines that are released directly into the lamina propria. Which of the following cell types
synthesize and secrete these products?
26)
A)
zymogenic cells
B)
mucous neck cells
C)
enteroendocrine cells
D)
parietal cells
C
27)
Which of the following is (are) not important as a stimulus in the gastric phase of gastric secretion?
27)
A)
distention
B)
peptides
C)
low acidity
D)
carbohydrates
D
28)
A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification
agents, and phospholipids is ________.
28)
A)
gastric juice
B)
pancreatic juice
C)
intestinal juice
D)
bile
D
29)
Chyme is created in the ________.
29)
A)
stomach
B)
esophagus
C)
small intestine
D)
mouth
A
A
30)
Which of the following is an essential role played by large intestine bacteria?
30)
A)
absorb bilirubin
B)
synthesize vitamin K and B–complex vitamins
C)
synthesize vitamins C and D
D)
produce gas
31)
The ________ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages) that lead to a central
venous structure.
31)
A)
pancreas
B)
spleen
C)
stomach
D)
liver
32)
From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up
of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen.
32)
A)
muscularis externa, serosa, mucosa, and submucosa
B)
submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, and mucosa
C)
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
D)
serosa, mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis externa
33)
Which of the following is not a phase of gastric secretion?
33)
A)
enterogastric
B)
gastric
C)
intestinal
D)
cephalic
34)
Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach?
34)
A)
mucous neck cells
B)
serous cells
C)
chief cells
D)
parietal cells
35)
If an incision has to be made in the small intestine to remove an obstruction, the first layer of tissue
to be cut is the ________.
35)
A)
serosa
B)
submucosa
C)
mucosa
D)
muscularis externa
36)
The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to
form the ________.
36)
A)
hepatopancreatic ampulla
B)
portal vein
C)
pancreatic acini
D)
bile canaliculus
A
37)
The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ________.
37)
A)
submucosa
B)
serosa
C)
lamina propria
D)
adventitia
C
38)
The function of goblet cells is to ________.
38)
A)
secrete buffers in order to keep the pH of the digestive tract close to neutral
B)
produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful
enzymes needed for food digestion
C)
absorb nutrients from digested food and store them for future use
D)
provide protection against invading bacteria and other disease–causing organisms that enter
the digestive tract in food
B
A
39)
Select the correct statement about absorption.
39)
A)
Eighty percent of ingested materials have been absorbed by the end of the large intestine.
B)
Amino acid transport is linked to chloride transport.
C)
Carbohydrates diffuse across the villus epithelium and are then actively transported into
blood capillaries.
D)
If intact proteins are transported across the villus epithelium, an immune response may be
generated.
40)
Which hormone causes an increased output of enzyme–rich pancreatic juice and stimulates
gallbladder contraction to release bile?
40)
A)
secretin
B)
cholecystokinin
C)
gastrin
D)
gastric inhibitor peptide
41)
Which of these is not part of the splanchnic circulation?
41)
A)
hepatic portal vein
B)
superior mesenteric artery
C)
celiac artery
D)
inferior vena cava
42)
Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?
42)
A)
C
B)
B12
C)
K
D)
A
43)
The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the
mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task?
43)
A)
plicae circulares, villi, and microvilli
B)
Brunner’s glands and Peyer Patches
C)
the vast array of digestive enzymes
D)
the rugae and haustra
44)
Which of the following is not a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier?
44)
A)
thick coating of bicarbonate–rich mucus
B)
production of intrinsic factor
C)
replacing of damaged epithelial mucosa cells
D)
tight junctions of epithelial mucosa cells
45)
Peristaltic waves are ________.
45)
A)
churning movements of the gastrointestinal tract
B)
waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another
C)
pendular movements of the gastrointestinal tract
D)
segmental regions of the gastrointestinal tract
46)
Select the correct statement about digestive processes.
46)
A)
Pepsin is an enzyme produced by the stomach for the purpose of starch digestion.
B)
All commonly ingested substances are significantly absorbed by the mucosa of the stomach.
C)
Chyme entering the duodenum can decrease gastric motility via the enterogastric reflex.
D)
Enterogastrone is a hormone that helps increase gastric motility.
47)
The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur?
47)
A)
This type of food would cause secretion of gastrin to cease, causing digestive upset.
B)
The acid secretions from the stomach would be sufficient to digest this food.
C)
Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum.
D)
Severe indigestion would occur, caused by the lack of sufficient digestive enzymes.
48)
You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will
help to digest the meal?
48)
A)
amylase
B)
gastrin
C)
cholecystokinin
D)
trypsin
49)
The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ________.
49)
A)
digestion
B)
secretion
C)
ingestion
D)
absorption
50)
There are three phases of gastric secretion. The cephalic phase occurs ________.
50)
A)
at the end of a large meal, and the juices secreted are powerful and remain in the GI tract for a
long period of time
B)
immediately after food enters the stomach, preparing the small intestine for the influx of a
variety of nutrients
C)
when the meal is excessively high in acids and neutralization is required
D)
before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thought
51)
What stomach secretion is necessary for normal hemoglobin production in RBCs?
51)
A)
intrinsic factor
B)
gastric lipase
C)
HCl
D)
pepsinogen
52)
Paneth cells ________.
52)
A)
secrete digestive enzymes
B)
secrete enzymes that kill bacteria
C)
secrete hormones
D)
secrete bicarbonate ions
53)
Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by ________.
53)
A)
the rubrospinal tracts
B)
somatic neurons in the spinal cord
C)
the reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts
D)
the vagus nerve and enteric plexus
54)
Chief cells ________.
54)
A)
produce gastrin
B)
produce mucin
C)
produce HCl
D)
produce pepsinogen
D
55)
Parietal cells of the stomach produce ________.
55)
A)
hydrochloric acid
B)
rennin
C)
mucin
D)
pepsinogen
A
56)
The lamina propria is composed of ________.
56)
A)
dense irregular connective tissue
B)
loose connective tissue
C)
reticular connective tissue
D)
dense regular connective tissue
B
57)
Surgical cutting of the lingual frenulum would occur in which part of the body?
57)
A)
oral cavity
B)
salivary glands
C)
esophagus
D)
nasal cavity
A
D
58)
Which of the following produce intrinsic factor?
58)
A)
enteroendocrine cells
B)
mucous neck cells
C)
parietal cells
D)
zymogenic cells
59)
The enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule is called ________.
59)
A)
diffusion
B)
denatured
C)
hydrolysis
D)
active transport
60)
Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged?
60)
A)
proteins
B)
lipids
C)
starches
D)
carbohydrates
61)
The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity are located ________.
61)
A)
in the oral cavity
B)
in the pons and medulla
C)
in the glandular tissue that lines the organ lumen
D)
in the walls of the tract organs
62)
The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________.
62)
A)
distribute hormones throughout the body
B)
return glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low
C)
carry toxins to the venous system for disposal through the urinary tract
D)
collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage
63)
How are most nutrients absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villa?
63)
A)
facilitated diffusion
B)
simple diffusion
C)
bulk flow
D)
active transport
64)
Hormones or paracrines that inhibit gastric secretion include ________.
64)
A)
gastrin
B)
histamine
C)
secretin
D)
ACh
65)
Chemical digestion in the small intestine involves ________.
65)
A)
bile salts that help emulsify carbohydrates so that they can be easily digested by enzymatic
action
B)
cholecystokinin (CCK), an intestinal hormone responsible for gallbladder contraction
C)
secretions from the spleen that contain all enzymes necessary for complete digestion
D)
a significant amount of enzyme secretion by the intestinal mucosa
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Figure 23.1
Using Figure 23.1, match the following:
66)
Duodenal glands found here.
66)
Figure 23.3
Using Figure 23.3, match the following:
67)
Increases surface area for absorption via villi and microvilli.
67)
B
Figure 23.1
Using Figure 23.1, match the following:
68)
Mucosa.
68)
69)
Continuation of the mesentery.
69)
70)
How is salivation controlled?
70)
71)
The principal enzyme for breaking down carbohydrates is ________.
71)
Figure 23.1
Using Figure 23.1, match the following:
72)
Smooth muscle layer.
72)
73)
Compare and contrast the structure and function of a premolar and a molar.
73)
74)
What is heartburn and what causes it?
74)
Figure 23.3
Using Figure 23.3, match the following:
75)
Contains the brush border enzymes that complete digestion of carbohydrates and proteins.
75)
Figure 23.2
Using Figure 23.2, match the following:
76)
Structures that increase the absorptive area of the small intestine.
76)