Campbell Biology: Concepts and Connections, 8e (Reece et al.)
Chapter 22 Gas Exchange
22.1 Multiple-Choice Questions
1) Which of the following animals would be most likely to be able to effectively exchange gases
when placed in a dry desert environment?
A) an earthworm
B) a dolphin
C) a sea snail
D) a tuna fish
2) The reason animals need a continuous supply of oxygen is to
A) make carbon dioxide.
B) dispose of carbon dioxide.
C) carry out glycolysis.
D) obtain energy from their food.
3) A waste product of respiration is
A) electrons.
B) hydrogen peroxide.
C) carbon dioxide.
D) glucose.
4) When you exhale, you
A) exchange CO2 for O2.
B) take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide to the blood.
C) take up carbon dioxide and release oxygen.
D) remove CO2 from the body.
5) During gas exchange, body cells
A) take up CO2 from red blood cells.
B) release O2 to red blood cells.
C) increase in size to accommodate the reuptake of O2.
D) release CO2 and take up O2.
6) The body structure where gas exchange occurs is called the
A) integumentary surface.
B) respiratory surface.
C) exchange network.
D) capillary network.
7) Animals that effectively use their body surface for gas exchange must
A) be terrestrial.
B) have a high ratio of body surface area to volume.
C) have a low ratio of body surface area to volume.
D) have a special kind of hemoglobin.
8) Which of the following organisms has a respiratory system that does not require assistance
from a circulatory system for gas exchange?
A) grasshopper
B) mouse
C) carp
D) crayfish
9) Which of the following is likely to have the lowest concentration of O2?
A) warm salt water
B) cool salt water
C) cool fresh water
D) air
10) The organization of blood and water flow in a fish’s gills increases the fish’s ability to
A) extract oxygen from the water.
B) extract carbon dioxide from the water.
C) detect toxic materials in the water.
D) transport blood throughout the fish’s body.
11) Which of the following statements about fish gills is true?
A) They have a large surface area.
B) Because of their efficiency, they only need a small surface area.
C) They have a poor blood supply.
D) Like lungs, they have an exhale/inhale function.
12) One advantage of gas exchange in water is that
A) water can contain more oxygen than air.
B) carbon dioxide is easier to eliminate in water than in air.
C) it is easy to keep the exchange surface wet.
D) ventilating gills in water requires very little energy.
13) Gills are unsuitable for animals living on land because
A) the large surface area of gills would allow dehydration of the animal.
B) air cannot diffuse across the gill surface.
C) there is no way to get air into the gills.
D) gills require high blood pressure.
14) In the countercurrent exchange system of fish gills,
A) blood and water flow in the same direction.
B) blood and water flow in opposite directions.
C) blood and water are separated by a thick polysaccharide barrier.
D) blood flow in the gills reverses direction with every heartbeat.
15) Which of the following statements regarding breathing and circulation in insects is false?
A) Insects lose very little water by using a tracheal system to breathe.
B) The tracheal system of insects consists of a series of branching air tubes that extend from the
surface to deep inside the body.
C) Terrestrial animals such as insects spend much more energy than aquatic animals to ventilate
their respiratory surfaces.
D) The circulatory system of insects is not involved in transporting oxygen.
16) The tracheal system of an insect is most like which of the following?
A) the exhaust system of an automobile
B) the electrical wiring in a home
C) the air duct system in a building
D) leaves on a tree
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17) Evolutionary movement of aquatic vertebrates to land involved an intermediate individual
that
A) could fly.
B) had a single lung.
C) had a tracheal system of branching internal tubes.
D) had both gills and lungs.
18) Evolutionary adaptations for survival on land produced tetrapods, which later evolved into
A) only amphibians.
B) amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.
C) only reptiles.
D) only birds.
19) Which of the following animals requires the largest and most complex lungs proportional to
its overall body size?
A) frog
B) turtle
C) bear
D) newt
20) Which of the following options correctly lists the direction of carbon dioxide travel as it
leaves the body?
A) alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, pharynx, larynx
B) alveoli, bronchi, bronchioles, trachea, larynx, pharynx
C) alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx
D) alveoli, bronchi, bronchioles, trachea, pharynx, larynx
21) Which of the following is a function of the nasal cavities in humans?
A) secreting enzymes for digestion
B) warming inhaled air
C) secreting excess carbon dioxide into exhaled air
D) determining O2 content in inhaled air
22) What name is given to the sheet of muscle that helps move air in and out of the lungs?
A) trachea
B) alveolus
C) diaphragm
D) bronchus
23) Within the lungs, gas exchange occurs across
A) alveoli.
B) bronchioles.
C) diaphragms.
D) bronchi.
24) The ________ is a passageway shared by both food and air.
A) trachea
B) pharynx
C) larynx
D) nasal cavity
25) Labored breathing, coughing, lung infections, and respiratory failure are characteristics
defining
A) asthma.
B) meningitis.
C) chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.
D) myasthenia gravis.
26) Cigarette smoke can affect the white blood cells that reside in our lungs, whose function is to
A) prevent emphysema.
B) engulf foreign particles.
C) enhance oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
D) maintain appropriate pH and moisture levels within the lungs.
27) Why do cigarette smokers cough more than nonsmokers?
A) The tar in cigarette smoke tends to make alveoli stick together, and coughing separates them.
B) Cigarette smoke harms the cilia that normally move debris out of the lungs, and coughing is
the remaining way to clean the lungs.
C) Cigarette smoking partially paralyzes the muscles in the lungs, resulting in an increased
residual volume, and coughing exchanges this “dead air.”
D) By raising the pressure in the lungs, coughing forces more oxygen into the blood.
28) Cigarette smoking and secondhand smoke cause cancer due to the
A) effects they have on our breathing mechanisms.
B) chemical compounds in the smoke.
C) fact that the chemical compounds are resistant to human immune systems.
D) immunosuppressive effects they display.
29) The maximum amount of air that a human can inhale and exhale is called the
A) tidal volume.
B) vital capacity.
C) residual volume.
D) inhalation capacity.
30) Inhalation in humans is achieved by
A) contraction of muscles in the lungs.
B) relaxation of muscles in the lungs.
C) relaxation of the diaphragm and chest muscles.
D) contraction of the diaphragm and chest muscles.
31) When you are breathing normally, exhalation results mainly from
A) the contraction of muscles in the chest.
B) the contraction of the diaphragm.
C) the relaxation of the chest muscles and diaphragm.
D) low pressure in the lungs.
32) Compared to the vital capacity, how much air can lungs actually hold?
A) always less
B) sometimes less
C) always more
D) sometimes more
33) Consider an animal that exchanges gases through its skin. Which of the following body
shapes would provide the most surface area for gas exchange?
A) a flat rectangle with sides measuring 3 inches and 4 inches
B) a flat square with sides measuring 2 inches each
C) a flat rectangle with sides measuring 2 inches and 9 inches
D) a flat square with sides measuring 4 inches each
34) Air leaving human lungs during exhalation contains
A) no oxygen.
B) no carbon dioxide.
C) mostly carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.
D) carbon dioxide and unused oxygen.
35) When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes leads initially to the
urge to breathe again?
A) rising oxygen concentration
B) rising carbon dioxide concentration
C) falling oxygen concentration
D) falling carbon dioxide concentration
36) What part of the human brain contains the primary breathing control center?
A) neocortex
B) cerebellum
C) medulla oblongata
D) thalamus
37) Medullary breathing centers directly sense and respond to
A) blood pH and CO2 concentration.
B) blood O2 concentration.
C) alveolar O2 concentration.
D) blood pH and O2 concentration.
38) In a mammal, blood leaving the lungs goes to
A) the heart.
B) the limbs.
C) the liver.
D) the brain.
39) Oxygen moves from blood into the interstitial fluid and then to body cells because
A) it diffuses from a region of higher partial pressure to a region of lower partial pressure.
B) it diffuses from a region of lower partial pressure to a region of higher partial pressure.
C) it descends down an osmotic gradient, following the movement of water.
D) it diffuses from a higher to a lower pH.
40) Oxygen is mostly transported through the body in which of the following forms?
A) dissolved in the blood
B) dissolved in red blood cells
C) bound to hemoglobin
D) bound to dissolved iron
41) The oxygen-carrying component in red blood cells is
A) hemoglobin.
B) bicarbonate ions.
C) iron.
D) the cell membrane.
42) Most CO2 is transported to the lungs in which of the following ways?
A) dissolved in the plasma
B) as carbonic anhydrase
C) as carboxyl
D) attached to hemoglobin or as bicarbonate ions
43) Which of the following contributes to gas exchange in the human fetus?
A) the lower blood pH of the embryo
B) the lack of turbulence in fetal blood
C) the high oxygen levels maintained in the amniotic fluid by the placenta
D) the stronger attraction that fetal hemoglobin has for oxygen when compared to adult
hemoglobin
44) What prompts a newborn baby to start to breathe?
A) an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the baby’s blood
B) a decrease in the concentration of oxygen in the baby’s blood
C) a change in the temperature on the surface of the skin
D) exposure to air