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65)
The partial pressure gradient for oxygen (in the body) is much steeper than that for carbon
dioxide. Explain how equal amounts of these two gases can be exchanged (in a given time
interval) in the lungs and at the tissues.
65)
66)
Type II alveolar cells secrete ________.
66)
67)
The contraction of the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles begins inspiration.
Explain exactly what happens, in terms of volume and pressure changes in the lungs,
when these muscles contract.
67)
68)
The law of partial pressure is called ________ law.
68)
69)
Briefly differentiate between atmospheric pressure, intrapulmonary pressure, and
intrapleural pressure. Which of these is always negative in a healthy individual during
normal breathing? What happens if intrapleural pressure becomes equal to atmospheric
pressure?
69)
70)
The cartilaginous flap that closes the trachea during swallowing is called the ________.
70)
71)
If a baby is born at 28 weeks' gestation, what major problem will the doctors look for?
71)
72)
What is the chloride shift and why does it occur?
72)
Explanation:
Figure 22.2
Using Figure 22.2, match the following:
73)
Tidal volume.
73)
Figure 22.1
Using Figure 22.1, match the following:
74)
Main (primary) bronchus.
74)
Figure 22.2
Using Figure 22.2, match the following:
75)
Inspiratory reserve volume.
75)
76)
Residual volume.
76)
77)
The Bohr effect refers to the unloading of ________ in a RBC due to declining pH.
77)
Figure 22.1
Using Figure 22.1, match the following:
78)
Trachea.
78)
79)
Terminal bronchioles are lined with ________ epithelium.
79)
80)
The archway in the back of the throat is called the ________.
80)
Figure 22.1
Using Figure 22.1, match the following:
81)
Pharynx.
81)
82)
Carina of trachea.
82)
83)
The law that applies to the amount of CO2 you could dissolve in a Pepsi is called ________
law.
83)
84)
Define anatomical dead space. What is the relationship between anatomical and alveolar
dead space? Which value is likely to increase during lung pathology?
84)
TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.
85)
Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia.
85)
86)
Valsalva's maneuver involves closing off the glottis (preventing expiration) while contracting the
muscles of expiration, causing an increase in intra-abdominal pressure.
86)
87)
In chronic bronchitis, mucus production is decreased and this leads to the inflammation and
fibrosis of the mucosal lining of the bronchial tree.
87)
88)
Strong emotions and pain acting through the limbic system activate sympathetic centers in the
hypothalamus, thus modulating respiratory rate and depth by sending signals to the respiratory
centers.
88)
89)
Under certain conditions, the vocal folds act as a sphincter that prevents air passage.
89)
90)
The olfactory mucosal lining of the nasal cavity contains the receptors for the sense of smell.
90)
91)
The lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary and the bronchial. The pulmonary
circulation is for oxygenation of blood. The bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung
structures (tissue).
91)
92)
Atelectasis (lung collapse) renders the lung useless for ventilation.
92)
93)
The paired lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity.
93)
94)
The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of carbonic
anhydrase.
94)
95)
The average individual has 500 ml of residual volume in his lungs.
95)
96)
Nasal conchae mainly work on inhalation to warm and moisten air. They serve minor functions for
exhalation.
96)
97)
Ventilation perfusion coupling means that more blood flows past functional alveoli than past
nonfunctional alveoli.
97)
98)
Changes in arterial pH can modify respiration rate and rhythm even when carbon dioxide and
oxygen levels are normal.
98)
99)
Dalton's law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures
exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.
99)
100)
Labored breathing is termed dyspnea.
100)
101)
During normal quiet breathing, approximately 750 ml of air moves into and out of the lungs with
each breath.
101)
102)
The alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of effective ventilation.
102)
103)
The functions of the nasal conchae are to enhance the air turbulence in the cavity and to increase
the mucosal surface area exposed to the air.
103)
104)
Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is more basic.
104)
105)
The Hering-Breuer reflex is a potentially dangerous response that may cause overinflation of the
lung.
105)
106)
As carbon dioxide enters systemic blood, it causes more oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin (the
Haldane effect), which in turn allows more CO2 to combine with hemoglobin and more
bicarbonate ions to be generated (the Bohr effect).
106)
107)
The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.
107)
108)
Tracheal obstruction is life threatening.
108)
109)
Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin.
109)
110)
Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli.
110)
MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.
Match the following:
111)
Secrete a fluid containing surfactant.
112)
The respiratory membrane is
composed of fused basement
membrane of the capillary walls and
________.
A)
Type I cells
111)
112)
Match the following:
113)
ERV + RV
A)
Functional residual capacity
113)
Match the following:
114)
Composed of simple squamous
epithelium.
115)
Composed of cuboidal cells.
A)
Type I cells
114)
Match the following:
116)
TV + IRV + ERV + RV
A)
Total lung capacity
116)
Match the following:
117)
No exchange of gases occurs here.
A)
Segmental bronchi
Match the following:
118)
TV + IRV
A)
Inspiratory capacity
Match the following:
119)
Where the respiratory zone of the
lungs begins.
120)
Terminates in alveoli.
A)
Respiratory bronchioles
119)
Match the following:
121)
TV + IRV + ERV
A)
Vital capacity
121)
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
122)
A smoker sees his doctor because he had a persistent cough for months and is short of breath after very little
exertion. What diagnosis will the doctor make and what can the person expect if he does not quit smoking?
123)
Jane had been suffering through a severe cold and was complaining of a frontal headache and a dull, aching
pain at the side of her face. What regions are likely to become sites of secondary infection following nasal
infection?
124)
John has undergone surgery and has developed pneumonia. He also has a history of emphysema. Which
symptoms and signs would the nurse expect to find?
125)
Timothy has been having difficulty breathing since he had pneumonia last month. Recently he had severe pain
in his chest and back, and his breathing was extremely irregular. The doctor at the emergency room told him
that one of the lobes of his lung had collapsed. How could this happen?
126)
How will the lungs compensate for an acute rise in the partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood?
127)
While having a physical examination, a young male informed his doctor that at age 8 he had lobar pneumonia
and pleurisy in his left lung. The physician decided to measure his VC. Describe the apparatus and method
used for taking this measurement. Define the following terms used in the description of lung volumes: TV, IRV,
ERV, RV, and VC.
128)
After a long scuba diving session on a Caribbean reef, Carl boards a plane to Dallas. He begins to feel pain in his
elbow on the flight back to Dallas. What is happening to him?
129)
A patient was admitted to the hospital with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. His PO2 was 55 and PCO2
was 65. A new resident orders 54% oxygen via the venturi mask. One hour later, after the oxygen was placed,
the nurse finds the patient with no respiration or pulse. She calls for a Code Blue and begins cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR). Explain why the patient stopped breathing.
130)
A patient with tuberculosis is often noncompliant with treatment. Explain why this may happen.
131)
While dining out in a restaurant a man suddenly chokes on a piece of meat. The waitress is also a student nurse
and comes to the man's aid. She asks him if he can talk. The man responds by shaking his head no and grabbing
at his neck. What is the significance of the man's inability to talk?
Answer Key
Testname: C22
Answer Key
Testname: C22
Answer Key
Testname: C22
29
Answer Key
Testname: C22
