A) aluminum chlorohydrate.
B) ethanol.
C) ethylene oxide.
D) aluminum oxide.
78) Astringents are used primarily in
A) perfumes.
B) lipsticks.
C) antiperspirants.
D) hair spray.
79) Powdered eye shadows have ________ as a base.
A) talc
B) sugar
C) corn starch
D) peanut oil
80) The layer of skin that contains sweat glands and hair follicles is the
A) apocrine.
B) dermis.
C) epidermis.
D) eccrine.
81) The layer of skin whose moisture content determines whether our skin feels moist and soft or dry and
flaky is the
A) apocrine.
B) dermis.
C) epidermis.
D) eccrine.
82) Detergents and abrasives are the major active ingredients in
A) colognes.
B) shampoos.
C) skin creams.
D) toothpastes.
83) Which substance strengthens tooth enamel?
A) fluoride
B) abrasive
C) plaque
D) protein
84) The principal material of tooth enamel is
A) fluoride.
B) collagen.
C) hydroxyapatite.
D) protein.
85) The following is a list of ingredients in a familiar product: water, glycerin, hydrated silica, alumina,
cellulose gum, sodium lauryl sulfate, wintergreen flavoring, sodium benzoate, titanium dioxide, sodium
saccharin. The product is
A) ice cream.
B) industrial abrasive.
C) lipstick.
D) toothpaste.
86) A commonly used abrasive that is NOT used in toothpaste is
A) sugar.
B) calcium carbonate.
C) calcium hydrogen phosphate.
D) calcium pyrophosphate.
87) In toothpaste, the most important function of the abrasive is to
A) kill bacteria in the mouth.
B) produce a shiny gloss on the teeth.
C) cause a reaction between detergent and fluorides in the toothpaste.
D) remove the sticky dextran film known as plaque.
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88) Probably the oldest and most widely used cosmetics are
A) toothpastes.
B) deodorants.
C) perfumes.
D) shampoos.
89) The top note of a perfume
A) is the odor of perfume when it is first applied.
B) is the least volatile component.
C) contains musky odors.
D) has the least pleasant odor.
90) The fraction of compounds in a perfume that have the highest volatility would be called the
A) end note.
B) middle note.
C) base note.
D) top note.
91) The fraction of compounds in a perfume that have the lowest volatility would be called the
A) end note.
B) medium note.
C) high note.
D) top note.
92) Most aftershaves contain about 50 – 70%
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A) methanol.
B) 2-propanol.
C) ethanol.
D) acetone.
93) Perfumes are
A) pure substances.
B) compounds.
C) simple mixtures of compounds.
D) complex mixtures of compounds.
94) What substance is added to aftershave lotions to provide a cooling effect?
A) diethyl ether
B) menthol
C) 2-propanol
D) propane
95) A perfume’s fragrance is just a bit too sweet and flowery. The perfume chemist might add some
A) menthol.
B) more top note.
C) musk.
D) ethanol.
96) Colognes are
A) similar to aftershaves.
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B) diluted perfumes.
C) perfumes derived from natural products only.
D) totally synthetic perfumes.
97) The substance left out of most hypoallergenic cosmetics is
A) hydrogen peroxide.
B) oil.
C) perfume.
D) salt.
98) Colognes are about ________% as strong as perfumes.
A) 1
B) 5
C) 50
D) 10
99) Identify the compound that is NOT used for odor in perfumes.
A) irone
B) jasmine
C) hyacinthe
D) methanol
100) Which of the following cosmetics contain the greatest amount of fragrant compounds?
A) perfumes
B) colognes
C) aftershave lotions
D) toothpaste
101) Hair is composed of
A) carbohydrate.
B) protein.
C) fat.
D) nucleic acid.
102) Relative to skin protein, hair protein has more
A) amino acids.
B) disulfide bonds.
C) amide bonds.
D) cationic bonds.
103) The only necessary ingredient in shampoo is
A) water.
B) conditioner.
C) fragrance.
D) detergent.
104) In adult shampoos, the detergent often contains
A) sodium bicarbonate.
B) sodium bisulfate.
C) sodium dodecyl sulfate.
D) lauryl sulfate.
105) Wet hair is softer because water disrupts
A) disulfide bonds.
B) hydrogen bonds.
C) peptide bonds.
D) cationic bonds.
106) If you wish to make a shampoo formulation that helps “fix split ends” you would probably add some
A) additional detergent.
B) astringent.
C) protein.
D) pH balance.
107) The brown pigment in hair is called
A) eumelanin.
B) phaeomelanin.
C) chlorophyll.
D) β-carotene.
108) The red-brown pigment in hair is called
A) melanin.
B) phaeomelanin.
C) chlorophyll.
D) β-carotene.
109) People with brunette hair have lots of
A) melanin.
B) phaeomelanin.
C) chlorophyll.
D) none of these
110) People with red hair have lots of
A) melanin.
B) phaeomelanin.
C) chlorophyll.
D) none of these
111) What chemical compound is used to bleach hair?
A) hydrogen peroxide
B) sodium hypochlorite
C) melanin
D) thioglycolic acid
112) People with blonde hair have ________ pigment(s) in their hair.
A) very little
B) melanin
C) phaeomelanin
D) melanin and phaeomelanin
113) Hair is most efficiently “permanently” dyed by
A) soaking hair in the colored dye.
B) adding colorless reactants that react in the hair to form the desired color.
C) using water soluble dyes.
D) None of the above dyes hair efficiently.
114) There is evidence that some hair dyes may be carcinogenic. Because hair dyes are classified as
cosmetics, the FDA cannot
A) ban them without sufficient proof of harm.
B) approve them without sufficient proof of safety.
C) approve them without sufficient carcinogenic testing.
D) ban them.
115) Hair colorings that gradually develop hair color
A) have chemistry similar to other permanent hair dyes.
B) contain lead compounds that react with hair to form black lead sulfide.
C) are dilute solutions of black paint.
D) react with hair to reform melanin and phaeomelanin.
116) The first step in hair curling is to add thioglycolic acid. This causes
A) hair protein to hydrolyze into amino acids.
B) disulfide bonds to break.
C) new disulfide bonds to form.
D) cysteine to be added to the amino acid sequence.
117) The last step in hair curling is to roll the hair on curlers and treat the rolled hair with hydrogen
peroxide (neutralizer). This causes
A) new disulfide bonds to form.
B) old disulfide bonds to break.
C) amino acids to reform into a new sequence.
D) cysteines to be inserted into the primary structure.
118) The substances in hair sprays and mousses that hold hair in place are
A) emollients.
B) resins.
C) oxidizing agents.
D) waxes.
119) Minoxidil was first used as a drug for treating high blood pressure. It is now used for
A) bleaching hair.
B) growing hair.
C) curling hair.
D) dyeing hair.
120) The protein that forms the strand of hair is
A) cortex.
B) cuticle.
C) follicle.
D) keratin.
121) The color of human hair depends partly on the ratio of
A) cortex to cuticle.
B) melanin to phaeomelanin.
C) cystine to cysteine.
D) sebum to lanolin.
21.2 True/False Questions
1) Soap is a salt of a long-chain carboxylic acid.
2) A soap has a long hydrophilic tail and a charged hydrophobic head.
3) Soap is ineffective against bacteria, so bacteriocidal agents must be added to make anti–bacterial soaps.
4) An agent that stabilizes the suspension of nonpolar substances in water is called a surfactant.
5) A disadvantage of LAS detergents is that their calcium and magnesium salts precipitate out of solution
in hard water.
6) Surfactants that carry a negative charge are known as cationic surfactants.
7) The use of phosphates in laundry detergents has been banned in many states because phosphates
contribute to the eutrophication of lakes.
8) Alcohol ethoxylates are more soluble in cold water than in hot water.
9) The main function of a builder is to reduce water hardness.
10) Detergents for washing dishes by hand are very alkaline.
11) Fabric softeners are cationic surfactants.
12) The two main types of laundry bleaches are chlorine bleaches and oxygen bleaches.
13) Oxygen-releasing bleaches are complexes of H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) with sodium perborate or
sodium perchlorate. In hot water the peroxide is released and can then act as a bleach.
14) Household bleach mixed with bleach is safe to use.
15) Plastics can only be made from fossil fuel sources.
16) One way to contribute to a greener planet is to use products that degrade readily in the environment.
17) Petroleum solvents are safe to use with open flames.
18) Emollients act by coating the skin and softening it.
19) Alpha hydroxy acids are carboxylic acids that have a hydroxyl group on the carbon adjacent to the
carboxyl carbon.
20) Lipsticks contain a lower proportion of wax than skin creams do.
21) Modern toothpastes frequently contain fluorides, which help to reduce tooth decay.
22) The two essential ingredients of toothpaste are a detergent and a flavoring.
23) Depilatories contain a strong base which can destroy peptide bonds in hair.
24) In purchasing a shampoo or laundry detergent it is always best to buy the most expensive product.
25) Adding “natural” ingredients such as herbs to shampoo increases its effectiveness.
26) Most cosmetics are made from very expensive ingredients.
27) The active ingredient in Rogaine was first used to treat high blood pressure.
21.3 Short Answer Questions
1) What happens when chlorine bleaches are used on polyester fabrics?
2) The universal pigment used in paint today is ________. It replaced ________, which was used until the
1970s.
3) The three basic ingredients of a paint are ________, ________, and ________.
4) What is the chemical difference between paraffin and other waxes?
5) People with blonde hair have ________ pigment in their hair.
21.4 Essay Questions
1) Describe how the structure of a soap molecule makes it an effective cleaning agent in water.
2) What are ABS detergents? Why were they banned?
3) What is an optical brightener and how does it work?
4) How do automatic dishwashing detergents differ from detergents used for the hand washing of
dishes?
5) Why is mixing chlorine containing bleaches with other cleaners dangerous?
6) Why are drain cleaners usually bases?
7) What is the difference between a skin cream and a skin lotion?
8) How do sunscreens protect the skin from harmful radiation?
9) Explain why disagreeable odors like musk and civetone are used in the formulation of perfumes.
