Campbell Biology: Concepts and Connections, 8e (Reece et al.)
Chapter 20 Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function
20.1 Multiple-Choice Questions
1) The laryngeal nerve is 15 feet long in giraffes because
A) the giraffe’s throat is located far away from its brain.
B) this nerve connects to the spinal cord.
C) the nerve is modified from an ancestor that did not have a neck.
D) the laryngeal nerve is a vestigial organ.
2) The connection between structure and ________ is a basic concept of biology.
A) species
B) adaptation
C) function
D) sex
3) A physiologist is a biologist who studies
A) the structure of body parts.
B) the evolution of animals.
C) the physics of living things.
D) the function of body parts.
4) An organ system consists of
A) organs that collectively perform a vital body function.
B) a group of coordinated tissues.
C) a collection of similar cells.
D) blood, lymph, and other body fluids.
5) Structure in the living world is organized into hierarchical levels. Which of the following
correctly lists these from least inclusive to most inclusive?
A) cell, molecule, organ, organ system, tissue, organism
B) molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
C) molecule, cell, organ, organ system, tissue, organism
D) cell, molecule, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
6) The human spine acts like a weight-bearing column. Compare this to the spine of a horse,
which acts like an elastic suspension bridge. Which organism would you predict to experience
more back pain and why?
A) the horse, because its spine is less evolutionarily advanced
B) the horse, because its spine supports more organ systems than human spines
C) the human, because in order to walk upright, the spine is compressed
D) the human, because of longer neurons
7) A leiomyoma is a benign tumor that affects smooth muscle. A large tumor of this type might
be predicted to
A) impair a patient’s ability to walk.
B) result in heart problems.
C) cause uterine pain in female patients.
D) do all of the above.
8) Which of the following is an example of a tissue?
A) heart muscle
B) heart
C) red blood cell
D) circulatory system
9) Which of the following is a major category of animal tissue?
A) epithelium
B) heart
C) lymph
D) biceps
10) Stratified squamous epithelium is well-suited for
A) exchanging materials by diffusion.
B) lining our lungs.
C) lining body surfaces subject to abrasion.
D) secreting mucus.
11) Epithelial tissues
A) cause body movements.
B) cover both external and internal body surfaces.
C) sense stimuli.
D) form a framework that supports the body.
12) Which of the following items has a shape most like a squamous epithelial cell?
A) a watermelon
B) a cupcake
C) a fried egg
D) the letter “S”
13) Which of the following statements about the cells of the mucous membrane lining your air
tubes is false?
A) They manufacture secretory products.
B) They are stratified squamous epithelial cells.
C) They are cuboidal or columnar in shape.
D) They carry cilia that sweep mucus up and out of the respiratory system.
14) The liquid part of the blood that consists of water, salts, and dissolved proteins is known as
A) interstitial fluid.
B) lymph.
C) plasma.
D) platelets.
15) Which of the following is a type of connective tissue?
A) plasma
B) adipose tissue
C) epithelial tissue
D) muscle tissue
16) Which of the following is formed from a matrix of collagen fibers embedded in a hard
mineral substance?
A) cartilage
B) bone
C) adipose tissue
D) fibrous connective tissue
17) What kind of connective tissue has an extracellular liquid matrix called plasma?
A) nerve tissue
B) loose connective tissue
C) adipose tissue
D) blood
18) Connective tissue is different from the other major tissue types in that
A) it is made of cells.
B) the cells are sparsely scattered through a nonliving matrix.
C) it is not made of cells.
D) it is found only in humans.
19) The most common type of connective tissue in the human body is
A) fibrous connective tissue.
B) adipose tissue.
C) loose connective tissue.
D) bone.
20) Smooth muscle is responsible for
A) voluntary body activities.
B) the pumping action of the heart.
C) an athlete’s ability to run a 100-meter dash.
D) involuntary body activities.
21) Which is the most abundant kind of tissue in an animal, such as a gorilla?
A) connective
B) epithelial
C) muscle
D) nerve
22) Which of the following statements regarding skeletal muscle is true?
A) Skeletal muscle is attached to bones by tendons.
B) Skeletal muscle cells do not contain nuclei.
C) Skeletal muscle is largely responsible for involuntary body motions.
D) Skeletal muscle coordinates movement of nutrients and oxygen throughout the body.
23) Unlike both smooth and skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle
A) has cells that contact one another.
B) has cells that are striated.
C) generally cannot be contracted at will.
D) has branched cells.
24) The main function of muscle tissue is
A) sensation.
B) support.
C) contraction.
D) covering surfaces.
25) Which type of tissue forms a communication and coordination system within the body?
A) nervous
B) epithelial
C) connective
D) muscle
26) The structural and functional unit of nervous tissue is the
A) dendrite.
B) axon.
C) neuron.
D) nerve.
27) An organ represents a higher level of structure than the tissue composing it and performs
functions that the tissues cannot perform alone. This is an example of the principle of
A) structural adaptations.
B) cellular regulation.
C) emergent properties.
D) biotechnology.
28) Which of the following statements about organs is false?
A) An organ represents a higher level of structure than the tissues composing it.
B) An organ consists of several tissues.
C) An organ can only carry out the functions of its component tissues.
D) An organ consists of many cells.
29) Which of the following tissues would likely be found in the small intestine?
A) cardiac muscle
B) nervous tissue
C) bone tissue
D) tendons
30) The respiratory system includes all of the following structures except the
A) esophagus.
B) trachea.
C) larynx.
D) lung.
31) Which organ system removes nitrogen-containing waste products from blood?
A) lymphatic system
B) integumentary system
C) muscular system
D) urinary system
32) Fingernails are a component of the ________ system.
A) respiratory
B) integumentary
C) muscular
D) skeletal
33) Which of the following is a part of the immune system?
A) bone marrow
B) liver
C) pancreas
D) lungs
34) A common knee injury in athletes involves the anterior cruciate ligament, or ACL. The ACL
consists of tissue that connects the bones of the femur (upper leg bone) and tibia (lower leg
bone). What kind of tissue would you expect to be damaged in an ACL injury?
A) bone tissue
B) striated muscle tissue
C) fibrous connective tissue
D) cartilage
35) Which of the following is not an example of negative feedback?
A) After eating a meal containing high glucose levels, the pancreas secretes more insulin, a
hormone that lowers blood glucose levels.
B) After cutting your finger, the injured tissue releases chemicals that activate platelets in the
blood. These activated platelets release chemicals to activate more platelets, leading to the
formation of a blood clot.
C) An elevation in blood pressure causes heart rate to decrease, thereby causing blood pressure
to decrease.
D) The secretion of the hormone TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine.
Thyroxine, in turn, inhibits the secretion of TSH.
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36) Which of the following forms of homeostasis would not be affected by a severe burn
involving both the epidermis and dermis?
A) control of water loss by the integumentary system
B) protection from microbes by the integumentary system
C) defense against microbes by the immune system
D) sensation of external temperature
37) Facelifts are a type of cosmetic surgery that are meant to tighten the skin. In addition to the
skin, what else would you predict is also involved in this type of surgery?
A) loose connective tissue
B) smooth muscle
C) bone
D) simple cuboidal epithelium
38) Suppose that you have scratched a mosquito bite and, in the process, damaged some of your
stratified squamous epithelial cells. What will happen?
A) The damaged cells will heal themselves.
B) The cells near the base of the epithelium will rapidly replicate to replace the damaged cells.
C) Vitamin D synthesis will begin, thus encouraging cell replacement.
D) The function of the skin will be totally lost.
39) Which of the following is closely associated with the digestive, respiratory, and urinary
systems?
A) the skeletal system
B) the circulatory system
C) the reproductive system
D) the muscular system
40) Which of the following best represents an adaptation to increase surface-to-volume ratio?
A) the long bones of a giraffe
B) the smooth skin of an earthworm
C) the multilobed sacs in the lungs
D) the striations of skeletal muscle
41) Materials such as food, minerals, and oxygen are passed to cells through
A) water.
B) interstitial fluid.
C) matrix fibers.
D) neurons.
42) Imagine an invertebrate that lives in an estuary where salinity varies cyclically with the tides.
If this individual is able to adjust the salt concentration of its body fluids, its salt concentration
will have
A) slight fluctuations that are kept within a narrow range.
B) regular variations that range from large to small.
C) a cyclic variation opposite that of the surrounding water.
D) a cyclic variation depending upon when the animal drinks.
43) Homeostasis
A) is the maintenance of a relatively constant internal state.
B) results from hormone imbalance.
C) occurs when the external environment changes to match the internal environment
D) is the way the internal environment influences the external environment.
44) The vertebrate kidney helps to keep the acidity of body fluids constant by varying the
amount of hydrogen ions (H+) it secretes into the urine. You can confidently predict that this
aspect of kidney function will be controlled by
A) a positive feedback mechanism.
B) a negative feedback mechanism.
C) nerve impulses from the brain.
D) a hormone produced in the kidney itself.
45) Which of the following is most likely to be responsible if, when your blood sugar level rises,
the level of sugar goes back down?
A) the use of the sugar for energy by your cells
B) a homeostatic mechanism based on negative feedback
C) type II diabetes
D) a homeostatic mechanism based on positive feedback
46) Most homeostasis depends on
A) positive feedback control.
B) negative feedback control.
C) hormonal regulation.
D) predictable environmental conditions.
47) When body temperature is too high, which of the following occurs?
A) The brain sends out distress signals.
B) Blood vessels in the skin dilate.
C) Capillaries contract.
D) The internal lining of the intestine increases in surface area.
48) Hyperthyroidism treatment in cats usually involves antithyroid medication or the use of
radioactive iodine to destroy the abnormal (overactive) tissue growing in the thyroid gland.
Surgery to remove the abnormal tissue is generally not advised, as the surgery could also
accidentally destroy parathyroid tissue. The parathyroid gland releases a hormone called PTH
that increases blood calcium levels. Based on your knowledge of homeostasis, predict why
surgery is ill-advised.
A) A lack of PTH will cause blood calcium levels to drop to abnormally low levels.
B) A lack of PTH will cause blood calcium levels to rise to abnormally high levels.
C) Positive feedback will compensate for any problems caused by negative feedback.
D) Surgery will not be a problem because homeostasis will find other ways to regulate blood
calcium.
49) The human wrist is very agile, but because of this agility it is also very prone to injuries
involving the tissue connecting the wrist bones. This statement illustrates
A) that animal structures are not perfect.
B) that connective tissue can be damaged.
C) that muscle tissue can be damaged.
D) both A and B
50) Bioengineering does not involve
A) growing cells on a balloon-like scaffold.
B) transplanting unaltered organs.
C) seeding a scaffold of connective tissue matrix with stem cells.
D) using printers to build structures layer by layer.
51) Which layer of the skin contains connective tissue?
A) epidermis
B) dermis
C) hypodermis
D) Skin does not contain connective tissue.
52) Which of the following would be additional evidence that one of the functions of skin is the
synthesis of vitamin D?
A) Vitamin D levels are higher in people who take supplements, such as multivitamins.
B) Vitamin D levels are lower in people who wear sunscreen.
C) Cancer rates are higher in people with more sun exposure.
D) People living in the tropics are vitamin D deficient.
53) Which of the following does not indicate a well-designed study?
A) a control group
B) variables were controlled
C) bias
D) follow-up studies
54) You are looking at a sample of epithelial tissue under a microscope. What would you look
for to determine the type of epithelium you are viewing?
A) the number of cell layers
B) the shape of the cells
C) the color of the cells
D) the number of cell layers and the shape of the cells
55) You are looking at a tissue under a microscope. You see mostly densely packed fibers with
some cells scattered throughout. You would predict that the function of this tissue is to
A) attach bones to muscles or other bones.
B) connect epithelia to underlying tissues.
C) conduct electrical impulses.
D) make voluntary movements of the body.
56) If the epithelium that lines the air sacs of your lungs were to gain a layer of cells, which of
the following would likely occur?
A) Oxygen will enter the lungs more quickly.
B) Oxygen will enter the lungs more slowly.
C) Secretion of mucus will increase.
D) Oxygen will enter at the same rate, because it is only the shape of the cells that matter.
57) Structure in the living world is organized into hierarchical levels. Which of the following
correctly lists these from least inclusive to most inclusive?
A) neuron, phospholipid, brain, nervous system, nerve tissue, human
B) phospholipid, neuron, nerve tissue, brain, nervous system, human
C) phospholipid, neuron, brain, nervous system, nerve tissue, human
D) neuron, phospholipid, nerve tissue, nervous system, human
20.2 Art Questions
Use the figure below to answer the questions that follow.
1) Which part of the figure above shows a complete organ system?
A) part A
B) part B
C) part C
D) part D
2) Which part of the figure above shows a tissue?
A) part A
B) part B
C) part C
D) part D
3) Which part of the figure above shows an organ?
A) part A
B) part B
C) part C
D) part D
4) Which type of epithelial tissue shown is a stratified tissue?
A) tissue A
B) tissue B
C) tissue C
D) tissue D
20.3 Scenario Questions
After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
Under normal conditions, blood sugar levels are controlled within a narrow range by negative
feedback. Two hormones are involved in maintaining blood sugar levels at the set point (about
90 mg of glucose/100 mL of blood). When blood sugar levels rise above the set point, the
hormone insulin signals the liver to absorb the excess sugar. When blood sugar levels drop below
the set point, the hormone glucagon signals the liver to release its stored glucose to the
bloodstream. In juvenile onset diabetes, the body doesn’t produce enough insulin and insulin
supplements are required.
1) Based on your understanding of homeostasis, for negative feedback control of blood glucose
levels to function properly,
A) the control center for glucose must be somewhere in the digestive system.
B) there must be sensors that monitor blood glucose levels.
C) there must be several other hormones involved (in addition to insulin and glucagon).
D) the body must prevent glucose levels from changing even slightly.
2) If you hadn’t eaten for several hours, which hormone would be responsible for returning your
glucose levels to the set point?
A) insulin
B) glucagon
C) liver
D) pancreas