74. _________________ theories postulate that criminal behavior occurs when the bonds that tie an individual to society
are broken or weakened.
a. Control
b. Labeling
c. Feminist
d. Integrated
e. Anomie
75. Longitudinal studies that follow individuals from childhood to adulthood in order to identify the factors associated
with beginning, avoiding, continuing, or ceasing individual behavior are called:
a. critical theories.
b. life course theories.
c. victimology.
d. criminogenics.
e. experiential learning.
76. ____________ theories draw from multiple disciplines with differing perspectives to create a larger model for
explaining criminal behavior.
a. Integrated
b. Strain
c. Control
d. Psychological
e. Life course
77. The concept of anomie refers to:
a. the process by which offenders are labeled as criminal.
b. a breakdown in the rules or norms of a society.
c. the biological factors that increase the likelihood of crime.
d. political influences on crime policy.
e. the conflict between economic classes.
78. Which of the following arguments does NOT explain the current trend in female arrest and conviction rates?
a. With the expansion of job opportunities available to women, fewer women need to resort to crime to support
themselves.
b. As women and men become more equal, gender differences in criminality decrease.
c. The increase in job opportunities available to women also increases their opportunities to commit crime.
d. Women are less likely to receive preferential treatment from police and prosecutors than in the past.
e. All of these arguments contribute to explaining the current trend in female arrest and conviction rates.
79. Many victims of crime behave in ways that facilitate crimes, such as:
a. taking proper precautions, such as traveling in a group.
b. behavior which may provoke a criminal act.
c. showing a willingness to help others.
d. traveling in high crime areas alone or at night.
e. disdaining from drug and alcohol use.
80. Which statement about the role of the victim of crime is NOT accurate?
a. Many victims of crime have lifestyles that make crime more likely.
b. The use of illegal drugs increases victimization.
c. Victims of crime are often the target of more crime.
d. The victim of crime often plays no role in being victimized.
e. None of the above.
81. Researchers have found that ______ are the most likely to be victimized by crime.
a. younger female residents of higher income communities
b. older female residents of lower income communities
c. young female residents of lower income communities
d. young male residents of lower income communities
e. None of the above.
82. Which statement is TRUE regarding crime victimization?
a. Whites are more likely than blacks to be victims.
b. Older people are more likely than the young to be victims.
c. Females are more likely than males to be victims.
d. Blacks are more likely than whites to be victims.
e. None of the above.
83. Which statement is NOT true regarding crime?
a. Most crime is intraracial.
b. A significant amount of crime is committed by relatives or acquaintances of the victim.
c. The financial and emotional cost to society of crime is very high.
d. Most crime occurs between members of different races.
e. Crime and race are not correlated.
84. Profit-seeking criminal activities that involve planning, execution, or victimization that crosses national borders is
called:
a. transnational crime.
b. espionage.
c. victimless crime.
d. embezzlement.
e. organized crime.
85. Which is NOT one of the categories of transnational crimes?
a. provision of illicit goods
b. provision of illegal services
c. infiltration of business or government
d. political crime
e. None of the above.
86. The provision of illicit services includes all of the following types of crime EXCEPT:
a. drug trafficking.
b. human trafficking.
c. cybercrimes.
d. the transportation and sale of counterfeit goods.
e. money laundering.
87. The infiltration of business or government includes all of the following types of crime EXCEPT:
a. bribery.
b. extortion.
c. money laundering.
d. drug trafficking.
e. fraud.
88. Which of the following is/are challenge(s) faced by law enforcement when it comes to transnational crimes?
a. Permission must be granted by the host country before U.S. authorities can operate there.
b. Host countries may tolerate certain transnational crimes.
c. The governments of some host countries may be corrupt.
d. Coordination between the United States and foreign countries may be difficult.
e. All of the above.
89. Which of the following is NOT a type of crime?
a. political crime
b. victimless crime
c. transnational crime
d. organized crime
e. thought crime
90. The method by which child pornography is often disseminated makes it a crime.
a. political
b. cyber
c. transnational
d. provision of illicit goods type of
e. financial
91. Since Frank received the images from a provider in Russia, the police addressed the case as what type of crime?
a. sex
b. cyber
c. transnational
d. prostitution
e. financial
92. During the course of the police investigation it was determined that the images on Frank’s computer came from
Russia. The connection to Russia makes this a(n):
a. transnational crime.
b. case of espionage.
c. victimless crime.
d. interstate crime.
e. organized crime.
93. The case brought against Frank involves what type of transnational crime?
a. provision of illicit goods
b. provision of illegal services
c. infiltration of business or government
d. political crime
94. Crimes that are prohibited by government but are not necessarily wrong by nature are called ____________________.
95. Crimes that are traditionally considered wrong by nature are called ____________________.
96. Offenders convicted of ____________________ typically serve less than one year in jail.
97. ____________________ crimes are those crimes that are committed in the context of a legal business or profession.
98. Gambling, prostitution, and drug use are sometimes referred to as crimes without ____________________.
99. ____________________ crimes are committed by or against a government.
100. The ____________________ measures crime based on victim interviews.
101. ____________________ crime is often referred to as “street crime.”
102. The large numbers of crimes that are not reported is known as the ____________________.
103. The Uniform Crime Reports provide a useful but ___________ picture of crime levels in the United States.
104. The Uniform Crime Reports are compiled and maintained by the ______________.
105. A person’s routine activities may increase the likelihood of ________.
106. Since the 1990’s the number of violent crimes in the United States has significantly _______________.
107. The majority of sexual assaults against female victims are perpetrated by __________________.
108. The field of criminology that focuses on the role of the victim is known as ____________________.
109. The ____________________ model holds that where someone lives and how a person spends leisure time
determines the likelihood of becoming a victim of crime.
110. ______________________ is a school of criminology that views behavior as stemming from free will, demands
responsibility and accountability of all perpetrators, and stresses the need for punishments severe enough to deter others.
111. An early theory of explaining criminal behavior is that certain people are _________________, that is, they are born
criminal.
112. In his theories of criminal behavior, Robert Merton described a breakdown or disappearance of the rules of social
behavior as _______________________.
113. ________________________ theories postulate that members of the lower class, especially the younger members,
are the most likely to engage in crime.
114. ____________________ criminology maintains that human behavior is controlled by physical, mental, and social
factors.
115. Freud theorized that the personality is made up of three parts: the id, the ego, and the ____________________.
116. The idea that criminal law is an instrument used by the rich to control the poor is most characteristic of
____________________ theory.
117. ____________________ theory suggests that criminal behavior is the result of the social definition of certain acts as
criminal or deviant.
118. In 2010 women accounted for approximately _____ percent of all arrests.
119. _________ is a field of criminology that examines the role the victim plays in precipitating a criminal incident and
also examines the impact of crimes on victims.
120. Victimology began as a field in the _____.
121. _______ _____ are profit-seeking criminal activities that involve planning, execution, or victimization that crosses
national borders.
122. _______ _____ involves activities, usually cutting across state and national borders.
123. Bribery, extortion, and money laundering activities define the third category of transnational crimes, called _______
__ _______ __ _______ .
124. Researchers have found that young ____ residents of lower-income communities are the most likely to be victimized
by crime.
Subjective Short Answer
Lynn is a college student who became frustrated with the small amount of money she was making as an associate in a
retail store. A friend suggested that she consider working in the “escort” business. Lynn later became a prostitute who
catered to high-end clients. She is able to pay tuition and buy many of the items that she wants. Lynn was recently
arrested during a sting operation targeting interstate organized crime syndicates, of which Lynn had become involved.
125. Lynn considers her activities as victimless; which of the following is the most common justification given for the
prosecution of such “victimless” crimes?
a. Society as a whole is harmed because its moral fabric is threatened.
b. Most victimless crimes eventually lead to violence.
c. Most victimless crimes are drug related.
d. Investigation of victimless crimes usually leads to discovery of serious crimes.
e. Victimless crimes are normally connected to organized crime groups.
126. Though Lynn considers her activities to be victimless, the criminal laws of her state consider her activities to be
criminal. Advocates of Lynn’s freedom to choose such a lifestyle would classify her activity as a(n):
a. mala in se crime.
b. mala prohibita crime.
c. immoral crime.
d. public order crime.
e. crime of shared culpability.
127. Proponents of the lifestyle-exposure model would argue that, even though Lynn considers her activities as victimless,
which of the following could be a negative result of her choice?
a. She could be charged with a felony.
b. Her age would affect the amount of money she would make.
c. Her reputation could be tarnished.
d. She dramatically increases her likelihood of becoming a victim of violent crime.
e. Since the actions are victimless her actions have no negative results.
During a recent statewide election voters elected a much more ideologically conservative state legislature. Over the next
couple of years that legislature enacted several “get tough” laws aimed at restoring capital punishment, creating
mandatory sentences, and removing several options for appeal of the convictions. The legislature justified these actions by
arguing that victims were not being considered strongly enough in the criminal process and that convicted persons needed
to take responsibility for their crimes.
128. A resurgence of some of the ideas of classical criminology occurred in the late twentieth century. This more recent
conservative school of thought is referred to as:
a. new age criminology.
b. rigid criminology.
c. positivist criminology.
d. neoclassical criminology.
e. resurgent criminology.
129. A foundation of classical criminology is the belief and advocacy of:
a. criminogenics.
b. genetic predisposition.
c. neurological factors.
d. free will.
e. justice.
Anna Bert is a college graduate who has worked for a well-known bank as a VP for 10 years. Anna grew up in a middle-
class family with her mother, father, and brother. She is married and has a five-month-old little girl. On a Saturday night,
Ms. Bert suffocates her daughter with a pillow. When law enforcement arrives, she states that the baby would just not be
quiet and she could not take it anymore.
130. Soon after Ms. Bert’s psychological assessment, she is diagnosed with postpartum psychosis. Which category of
theories explains Ms. Bert’s behavior?
a. biological
b. psychological
c. sociological
d. social process
e. feminist
131. Once Ms. Bert delivered her daughter, she decided to take a one-year leave of absence from her job. She also stopped
going to her church. Because of her lack of recent socialization, what other theory could explain Ms. Bert’s behavior?
a. labeling
b. feminist
c. control
d. psychological
d. social contract
132. Recently, scholars have determined that women who commit crimes are not adequately represented in research. As in
Ms. Bert’s particular case, a theory that modern researches would apply to this case would be:
a. labeling.
b. feminist.
c. life course theories.
d. social contract.
e. control.
Ethan has been raised in a poverty stricken neighborhood with a single mother and five siblings. He has never met his
father. He spent time in a juvenile facility for robbery when he was 13. His mother frequently told him he would never
amount to anything and eventually he believed it. Ethan is currently awaiting trial for murder.
133. According to scholars, which theory may explain Ethan’s behavior?
a. biological
b. psychological
c. social structure
d. critical
e. feminist
134. With the information provided, scholars may also determine that this theory explains Ethan’s behavior:
a. control.
b. social process.
c. biological.
d. feminist.
e. critical.
Essay
135. How are crime rates affected by changes in social conditions, including demographic trends and unemployment
rates?
136. Categorize crimes using the seven broad categories discussed in the chapter.
137. Explain what is meant by the following statement: Each type of crime has its own level of risk and profitability,
each arouses varying degrees of public disapproval, and each has its own group of offenders with their own
characteristics.
138. Both the Uniform Crime Reports and the National Crime Victimization Surveys attempt to measure crime rates and
victimization in the United States, but each is compiled using different methods and sources. Describe how each of the
two measurements is compiled and discuss ways in which the two may compliment the other.
139. What role does age play in the rate of crime in the United States? Is age a consistent and reliable factor in
criminality?
140. Crime victimization has negative impacts on American society. What are some of these negative factors and what are
some of their effects on society?
141. Since the mid-1990s, crime rates have been steadily decreasing in the United States. At the same time, Americans
believe there is a serious crime problem in the United States. Why do Americans feel that there is a serious crime
problem? How does the media impact public perception?
142. What are the primary differences in the classical and positivist schools of criminology?
143. Some states have eliminated education programs for inmates in their prisons. Which theoretical perspective that
explains criminal behavior would argue that educational programs in prison are beneficial? If prison programs are cut,
what recommendations would a theorist in this field make for reducing crime among prison releases?
144. Explain the role of victims in crime.
145. What is transnational crime? Name and discuss the three categories of transnational crime?