Chapter 2 Whats Anthropological Approach Learning Objectives

subject Type Homework Help
subject Pages 10
subject Words 1842
subject Textbook Archaeology 7th Edition
subject Authors David Hurst Thomas, Robert L. Kelly
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1.Manydisciplinesareinvolvedinthestudyofhumanity.Whatmakesanthropologyuniquefromotherdisciplinesthat
studyhumans?​
a.​Anthropologyarguesthatthebestunderstandingofthehumanconditioncomesfromaglobal,comparative,
andholisticperspective.
b.​Anthropologyexaminesonlyoneaspectofthehumancondition,butdoessoingreatdetail.
c.​Anthropologyexaminesthesocialandculturalaspectsofhumanity,butleavesthebiologicalaspectof
humanstootherdisciplines.
d.​Anthropologyfocusesonlyonexoticpeoplesandcultures,whileotherdisciplinesaremoreapttostudy
AmericanorEuropeansociety.
2.Anthropologyisthestudyof:​
a.​pasthumanbehavior.
b.​allaspectsofhumankind.
c.​humansasbiologicalorganisms.
d.​humansasculturalorganisms.
3.Whichofthefollowingisnotoneofthemainsubfieldsofanthropology?​
a.​Biologicalanthropology
b.​Archaeology
c.​Culturalanthropology
d.​Bioarchaeology
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4.Aspecialistfromwhichofthefoursubfieldsofanthropologywouldbemostlikelytostudyritualandkinshipamong
peopleincontemporarysocieties?​
a.​Archaeology
b.​Culturalanthropology
c.​Linguisticanthropology
d.​Biologicalanthropology
5.Participantobservationis:​
a.​anarchaeologicalteachingstrategywherestudentsareintroducedtoexcavationtechniquesbyparticipating
inrealarchaeologicaldigs.
b.​aresearchstrategyemployedbylinguisticanthropologiststohelprevivedyinglanguages.
c.​theprimarystrategyofculturalanthropologistsinwhichdataaregatheredbyquestioningandobserving
peoplewhiletheobserverlivesintheirsociety.
d.​aresearchstrategymostlyemployedbybiologicalanthropologistswhilestudyinghumanbiologicalvariation.
6.Archaeologycanbestbedefinedasthestudyof:​
a.​humansinalltimesandplaces.
b.​thebiologicalaspectofhumans.
c.​thepastthroughthesystematicrecoveryandanalysisofmaterialremains.
d.​pastandpresenthumanculturesthroughwrittenrecordsandoralhistory.
7.Cultureis:​
a.​anintegratedsystemofbeliefs,traditions,andcustomsthatgovernorinfluenceaperson’sbehavior.
b.anoutdatedanthropologicalconceptthathasbeenrejectedbythemajorityofculturalanthropologiststoday.
c.​biologicallycontrolledbehavior,ratherthanlearnedbehavior.
d.​thestudyofhumankind.
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8.Whichofthefollowingisnottrueofaperson’sculture?​
a.​Itislearned.
b.​Itisshared.
c.​Itissymbolic.
d.​Itisbiologicallycontrolled.
9.Oneofthewaysinwhichanthropologistsstudycultureisthroughanideationalperspective.Anideational
perspective:​
a.​focusesonideas,symbols,andmentalstructuresasdrivingforcesinshapinghumanbehavior.
b.​emphasizestechnology,ecology,demography,andeconomicsasdrivingforcesinshapinghumanbehavior.
c.​arguesthatwhilehumanbehaviorisdefinitelyshapedbyideas,symbols,andmentalstructures,itisequally
shapedbytechnology,ecology,demography,andeconomics.
d.​arguesthattheforcesshapinghumanbehaviorarelargelyunknowable;thereforeanyperspectiveisjustas
goodasanother.
10.Thesymbolicnatureofculture:​
a.​facilitatescross-culturalcommunication,becauseallculturesusethesame(orverysimilar)symbolstomean
thesamethings.
b.​cancreateconsiderablemisunderstandingbetweenpeoplefromdifferentcultures.
c.​isnowknowntobenotassignificantasanthropologistsoncebelieved.
d.​iseasilydiscernablefromthearchaeologicalrecord.
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11.Thepotlatch:​
a.​wasaceremonyamong19thcenturyNorthwestCoastNativeAmericans.
b.​involvedthegivingawayordestructionofpropertyinordertoacquireprestige.
c.​likemanyculturalbehaviors,isbestexplainedthroughbothideationalandadaptiveperspectives.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
12.Whichofthefollowingisnottrueofscience?​
a.​Itisempirical.
b.​Itissystematicandexplicit.
c.​Italwaysprovidestherightanswertoaquestion.
d.​Itisself-critical,alwaystryingtoproveitselfwrong.
13.Thescientificmethodprovidesapowerfulwaytoinvestigatetheworldaroundusbecause:​
a.​unlikeothermoresubjectivemethods,sciencecanguaranteeabsolutetruth.
b.​almostallresearchersaccepttheinfallibilityofscience,makingresearchacrossdifferentdisciplines
compatible.
c.​scienceisself-correcting;asmorefactsabouttheworldbecomeknown,scienceiswillingtorejectflawed
explanationsinfavorofbetterones.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
14.TheMoundbuilderMythprovidesanexampleof:​
a.​howthesocial,cultural,andpoliticalcontextofarchaeologycaninfluenceitstheories.
b.​theinfallibilityofscience.
c.​howmorecivilizedcultures(theMoundbuilders)canbedestroyedbylesscivilizedcultures(theNative
Americans).
d.​howpseudoarchaeologycanbeusefultoprofessionalarchaeologists.
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15.ThefirstscientificarchaeologistinAmericawhoattemptedtodeterminetheidentityoftheMoundbuildersby
actuallyexcavatingamoundwas:​
a.​EphraimSquier.
b.​ThomasJefferson.
c.​CyrusThomas.
d.​JohnWesleyPowell.
16.CyrusThomascontributedtodispellingtheMythoftheMoundbuildersby:​
a.​supportingSquier’sandDavis’sconclusions.
b.​scientificallyevaluatingpreviousclaimsandconcludingthattheNativeAmericanshadindeedbuiltthe
mounds.
c.​demonstratingonceandforallthroughthetestingofmultiplehypothesesthattheNativeAmericanshadnot
builtthemounds.
d.​supportingSquier’sandDavis’sconclusionsandscientificallyevaluatingpreviousclaimsandconcludingthat
theNativeAmericanshadindeedbuiltthemounds.
17.SquierandDaviscontributedtoinvestigationsoftheMoundbuildersby:​
a.​intensivelyandsystematicallysurveyingandrecordingroughly200moundsites.
b.​beingamongthefirsttoarguethattheNativeAmericanshadindeedbuiltthemounds.
c.​remainingobjective,avoidingspeculations,andultimatelyarrivingatthetruth.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
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18.WhywasitsodifficultforEuropeansduringtheearly19thcenturytoacceptthefactthatNativeAmericanshad
builtthemounds?​
a.​Believingthatasuperiorracehadbuiltthemoundsfitnicelyintothesocialandpoliticalcontextofthetimes,
helpingtojustifycolonialism.
b.​ArchaeologicalandhistoricalevidencetosuggestthatNativeAmericanshadbuiltthemoundswas
completelylacking.
c.​ItwasaconsciouseffortonthepartofracistarchaeologiststostealNativeAmericanland;everyonereally
knewthattheNativeAmericanshadbuiltthemounds.
d.​Westwardexpansionhadnotyetbegun;Europeancolonistswerethereforeunfamiliarwithhowsimilarthe
moundsreallyweretothemoundsactivelybeingconstructedbylivingNativeAmericans.
19.Whichofthefollowingisnotastepinthescientificmethod?​
a.​Definearelevantresearchproblem
b.​Generateoneormorehypotheses
c.​Testthehypothesisorhypotheseswithrelevantdata
d.​Provethehypothesisorhypothesestrue
20.Multipleworkinghypothesesresultwhen:​
a.​severalhypothesespotentiallyexplainthesamedata.
b.​scientistshavenosoundhypothesistotest,butenduptestingseveralequallyunlikelyexplanationsinorderto
keeptheirresearchmovingforward.
c.​thesimplesthypothesiscannotbefalsified.
d.​scientistscannotproducereplicableresultswiththemostlikelyhypothesis.
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21.ExplainingtheKwakwak’awakwpotlatchceremonybythefactthatitservedusefuleconomicpurposesisan
exampleof:​
a.​anideationalperspectiveofhumanbehavior.
b.​anadaptiveperspectiveofhumanbehavior.
c.​poorlyconductedscientificresearch;thepurposeoftheceremonywasreallyobtainingprestige.
d.​howtheobjectivityofscientistscanbeunderminedbythecultureinwhichtheylive.
22.Thedifferencebetweeninductiveanddeductivereasoningis:​
a.​deductivereasoninginvolvesworkingfromspecificobservationstomoregeneralhypotheses,whileinductive
reasoninginvolvesreasoningfromtheorytoaccountforspecificobservationalorexperimentalresults.
b.​deductivereasoninginvolvesreasoningfromtheorytopredictspecificobservationalorexperimentalresults,
whileinductivereasoninginvolvesworkingfromspecificobservationstomoregeneralhypotheses.
c.​deductivereasoningisscientificandlogical,whileinductivereasoningisbasedonfaith.
d.​thereisnodifferencebetweenthetwo;theyarealternatenamesforthesamekindofreasoning.
23.Middle-leveltheoryinarchaeology:​
a.​isalogicalorderingofculturesthroughtime,basedonanalysisandclassificationofartifacttypes.
b.​linksamodernculturetoanancientone.
c.​isalogicalstatementlinkingobservationsonthestaticarchaeologicalrecordtothedynamicbehavioror
naturalprocessesthatproducedit.
d.​linkstheconceptofculturetoartifacttypes.
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24.Theprimarydistinctionbetweenhumanisticandscientificapproacheswithinarchaeologyrevolvesaroundtheissue
of:​
a.​absolutetruth.
b.​ethicalconcerns.
c.​objectivity.
d.​thedefinitionofculture.
25.Thetextarguesthatwhichofthefollowingperspectivesisthemostusefulforarchaeology?​
a.​Ascientificperspective
b.​Ahumanisticperspective
c.​Acombinationofthetwo
d.​Noneoftheanswersarecorrect.
26.Theleveloftheorythatincludestheobservationsandinterpretationsthatemergefromhands-onarchaeological
fieldandlabworkiscalled:​
a.​low-leveltheory.
b.​middle-leveltheory.
c.​high-leveltheory.
d.​Noneoftheanswersarecorrect.
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27.Thefollowingisafalsestatementregardingparadigmsinanthropology:​
a.​therearetwobasicparadigmsinmodernarchaeology-theProcessualandPostprocessualparadigm.
b.​paradigmsarealotlikeculture-botharelearned,sharedandsymbolic.
c.​archaeologiststodayfallneatlyintooneparadigmcategoryandhaveverydifferentwaysofthinking.
d.​allarchaeologistsoperatewithinaparadigm,whethertheyareawareofitornot.
28.ThefollowingstatementistrueaboutPostprocessualarchaeology:​
a.​Explanationsareexplicitlyscientificandobjective.
b.​Attemptstoremainethicallyneutral;claimstobeexplicitlynonpolitical.
c.​Lessenthusiasticaboutscientificmethodsanddeniespossibilityofobjectivity.
d.​Viewsculturefromasystemicperspectiveanddefinescultureasadaptation.
29.ThomasJefferson,thirdpresidentoftheUnitedStates,isconsideredthefirstscientificarchaeologistinAmerica
basedonhisworkinvolvinghis:​
a.​writingoftheDeclarationofIndependence.
b.​notesontheStateofVirginia,whichdealtinpartwiththeaboriginesofVirginia,theirorigin,andthequestion
ofthemounds.
c.​excavationofJamestown,Virginia.
d.​advancementofhorticultureintheNewWorld.
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30.ThefollowingstatementregardingtheScientificMethodisfalse:​
a.​Scienceisareiterativemethodthatbeginsandendswithfactsthatleadtoanewcycleofinvestigation.
b.​Scienceisinfallibleandwillalwaysdelivertherightansweronthefirsttry.
c.​Scienceisself-correctingandallowsforbacktrackingandrethinkingthingsthatothersthoughtwereover
anddonewith.
d.​Sciencedoesnotproveahypothesis,onlysuggestsplausibility.
31.Whatmakesananthropologistananthropologist?​
a.​Studyingnativepeople
b.​Studyingfossils
c.​Studyingchimpanzees
d.​Usingaglobal,comparativeandholisticapproach
32.Anthropologyembracesfourprimaryfieldsofstudy:​
a.​biological,cultural,linguistic,andarchaeology.
b.​economic,cultural,linguistic,andarchaeology.
c.​religion,biological,linguistic,andarchaeology.
d.​biological,cultural,social,andarchaeology.
33.Theprimarystrategyofculturalanthropologyinwhichdataaregatheredbyquestioningandobservingpeoplewhile
theobserverlivesintheirsocietyiscalled​
a.​firstpersonobservation.
b.​engagedlistening.
c.​activeparticipation.
d.​participantobservation.
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34.Whichofthefollowingdoesnotapplytotheconceptofculture?​
a.​Cultureislearned.
b.​Cultureisshared.
c.​Cultureispatriotism.
d.​Cultureissymbolic.
35.Whichofthefollowingisnotakeycharacteristicoftheprocessofscience?​
a.​Objective
b.​Systematic
c.​Logical
d.​Notpredictive
36.Inscience,anideaistestableiftheimplicationsofthehypothesis​
a.​canbemeasuredinsomefashionwiththesameresultsobtainedbydifferentobservers.
b.​canbemeasuredwithdifferentresultsobtainedbythesameobservers.
c.​canbemeasuredwiththesameresultsobtainedbythesameobservers.
d.​cannotbemeasured.
37.Low-leveltheorybeginswitharchaeologicalobjectsand​
a.​generatesirrelevantfactsordataaboutthoseobjectsandthatwillnotbeimportanttolateranalyses.
b.​generatesrelevantfactsordataaboutthoseobjectsthatwillnotbeimportanttolateranalyses.
c.​generatesrelevantfactsordataboutthoseobjectsthatwillbeimportanttolateranalyses.
d.​doesnotgeneratefactsordata.
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38.Theprocessualparadigmhasseveralkeycharacteristics,whichdoesnotinclude:​
a.​processualarcheologyemphasizesevolutionarygeneralization,nothistoricalspecifics.
b.​processualarchaeologydoesnotdownplaytheimportanceoftheindividual.
c.​processualarchaeologyviewsculturefromasystemicperspective.
d.​explanationinprocessualarchaeologyisexplicitlyscientific.
39.Whichofthefollowingisuntrueaboutparadigms?​
a.​Paradigmsprovidespecificguidelinesforhigh-leveltheory.
b.​Paradigmsgeneratemorespecificclaimsaboutaregions’prehistory.
c.​Likeculture,paradigmsprovideunderstandingsoftheworld.
d.​Paradigmsdonotreflectbias.
40.Fewarchaeologistscandoeverystepintheprocessofarchaeologicalinquiry.Whichofthefollowingisnotan
acceptableresultofspecialization?​
a.​Somearchaeologistsemphasizemiddle-leveltheory,doingexperimentalorethnoarchaeologicalresearch.
b.​Someconcentrateonthepubicside,presentingresearchtoabroaderaudience.
c.​Someworkwiththeoryorcritiqueofparadigms.
d.​Someignoretherolethatheorsheplaysintheoverallprocessofarchaeology.
41.Thestudyofhumanbiologicalevolutionwouldmostlikelybethespecialtyofaculturalanthropologist.​
a.True
b.False
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42.Threeimportantcharacteristicsofculturearethatitislearned,shared,andbasedontheabilitytousesymbols.​
a.True
b.False
43.Anthropologistswhoarguethatanadaptiveperspectiveisthebestwaytostudyculturewouldarguethatthe
drivingforcesshapinghumanbehaviorareideas,symbols,andmentalstructures.​
a.True
b.False
44.Thepotlatchceremonyamong19thcenturyNorthwestCoastNativeAmericansinvolvedthegivingawayor
destructionofpropertyinordertoacquireprestige.​
a.True
b.False
45.Scienceisthebestwaytoexaminethematerialworldbecauseitisalwaysobjective,andthereforecannotbe
influencedbythesocialorpoliticalclimateofthetimes.​
a.True
b.False
46.Inorderforahypothesistobescientific,ithastobetestableandfalsifiable.​
a.True
b.False
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47.Deductivereasoninginvolvesworkingfromspecificobservationstomoregeneralhypotheses.​
a.True
b.False
48.ItwasSquierandDavis,throughtheirintensiveandthoroughsurveyanddocumentationofthemounds,who
eventuallyconcludedthattheancestorsofmodernNativeAmericanshadindeedbuiltthemounds.​
a.True
b.False
49.Ahumanisticapproachinarchaeologytendstorejectasearchforuniversalsinfavorofemphasizingthedignityand
worthoftheindividualandtheindividual’slivedexperience.​
a.True
b.False
50.Scientificandhumanisticapproacheswithinarchaeologycanbecompatible,eachemphasizingdifferentgoalsof
archaeologicalresearch.​
a.True
b.False
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51.Theprocessualapproachtakesascientificapproachandfocusesonmaterialfactorsoflife.​
a.True
b.False
52.Thepostprocessualapproachemphasizessymbolicmeanings,powerrelationships,individualactions,andgender.​
a.True
b.False
53.Whatisanthropology?Whatmakesanthropologyuniquefromanyotherdisciplinethatstudieshumans?​
54.Whatarethefourmajorsubfieldsofanthropology?Whatkindsofthingsdospecialistsineachofthesesubfields
study?​
55.Whatisarchaeology?Howdothegoalsofarchaeologydifferfromthoseoftheothersubfields?Howaretheythe
same?​
56.Whatisculture?Whichoftheanthropologicalsubfieldsareinterestedinculture?​
57.Whatisscience?Whatarethekeycharacteristicsofscience?​
58.Whatisthescientificmethod?Discussthestepsinvolvedinthescientificmethod.​
59.UsingtheMoundbuilderMythasanexample,discusshowsocialandculturalbiasescaninfluencescientific
theories.Doesthismeanthatscienceisaworthlesswayoflookingattheworld?Whyorwhynot?​
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60.Becausethesocial,cultural,andpoliticalcontextofarchaeologyhasbeenshowntoinfluenceitsscientifictheories,
somearchaeologistsrejectscienceinfavorofahumanisticapproachtothestudyofhumanity.Howdoesthis
approachdifferfromascientificapproach?​
61.Describethetwobasicwaysinwhichanthropologistsstudyculture.Howdoeseachperspectivediffer?Isone
betterthantheother?Whyorwhynot?Giveanexample.​
62.Compareandcontrastthethreelevelsoftheoryusedinarchaeology.Provideexamplesofaquestionthateach
leveloftheorywouldattempttoanswer.​

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