55. According to Wolfgang‘s study, chronic offenders account for a large amount crime but make up only what
percentage of the population?
a. 3% b. 6%
c. 10% d. 15%
56. The idea that those who offend early in life and commit more serious crimes in adolescence will continue as
adults is known as:
a. gender theory b. the masculinity hypothesis
c. the chivalry hypothesis d. persistence
57. This view holds that the best predictor of future criminality is past criminality.
a. continuity of crime b. delinquent subculture theory
c. racial threat hypothesis d. early childhood assumption
58. Policy in which offenders convicted of three felony offenses receive a mandatory life sentence.
a. repeat offender law b. Megan’s law
c. felony persistence law d. three-strikes law
59. Which of the following is a characteristic used to predict chronic offending?
a. school-attendance problems b. patterns of running away from home
c. childhood sexual abuse d. all of the above
60. Of the cohort studies listed in the text, one of the most important findings is that:
a. people with a history of violence and mental disease are
less likely to kill when they use a knife or other weapon.
c. persistent juvenile offending is correlated with poor
education and less job satisfaction as an adult.
b. adult offending and juvenile offending are
not correlated.
d. persistent juvenile offenders are most
likely to continue their criminal careers as
adults.
61. Part I index crimes consist of eight crimes, four of which are personal crimes and four of which are property
crimes.
a. True
b. False
62. The Uniform Crime Report is an annual survey of crime victims.
a. True
b. False
63. The Bureau of Justice Statistics compiles the Uniform Crime Report.
a. True
b. False
64. Motor vehicle cases are cleared by arrests at rates two times higher than larcenies cleared by arrest.
a. True
b. False
65. Minor traffic crimes are the primary data collected in Part II index crimes, which allows for grant money and
safer–streets funding for cities based on traffic data.
a. True
b. False
66. One of the ways in which crimes are cleared is through arrest.
a. True
b. False
67. The more serious the crime the more likely the victim will report it.
a. True
b. False
68. The UCR was created in 1982 to replace the outdated NIBRS system.
a. True
b. False
69. Survey data derived from all age, race, gender, and income characteristics measured simultaneously is referred
to as a cross-sectional study.
a. True
b. False
70. The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) began in 1973 and is one of the most comprehensive
methods of data collection on victimization in the United States.
a. True
b. False
71. Most self-report studies tend to focus on juvenile offending.
a. True
b. False
72. Cohort research involves studying a group of people who share common characteristics over a period of time.
a. True
b. False
73. A retroactive cohort study is one that uses an intact cohort of known offenders and looks back at their early
offending and other characteristics such as education and income status.
a. True
b. False
74. Self-report data appear to be more stable than UCR and NCVS data indicate.
a. True
b. False
75. Burglaries occur most often in September, especially in college towns, because of the influx of new residents in
the towns.
a. True
b. False
76. About 80% of all murders and 70% of all robberies use firearms.
a. True
b. False
77. Deviance in adolescence is fueled by a need for money and sex and is reinforced by close peer relationships.
a. True
b. False
78. The idea that women/girls are treated more leniently by the criminal justice system is referred to as the “cheater
theory.”
a. True
b. False
79. Most kids who commit crime as teens discontinue their criminal ways by adulthood.
a. True
b. False
80. The liberal feminist view focuses on women‘s role as second-class citizens based on economic and social
positions.
a. True
b. False
81. The racial threat hypothesis states that as minorities increase in a population they become more of a threat to
society based on numbers and past criminal patterns.
a. True
b. False
82. While boys and girls offend at drastically different rates, psychologists have found no measurable differences in
their verbal abilities or visual–spatial abilities.
a. True
b. False
83. One area of examination for race is the dissolution of family and low employment rates of minorities and this
relationship to crime.
a. True
b. False
84. Wolfgang and colleagues found that chronic offenders consist of about 36% of the population but account for
92% of the offending.
a. True
b. False
85. A person who continually violates the law and shapes his or her life around the concept of criminality is referred
to as a “passive–life criminal.”
a. True
b. False
86. Kids who have been exposed to a variety of personal and social problems at an early age are most at risk to
repeat offending later in life.
a. True
b. False
87. A risk factor for future criminal offending is poor attendance in school.
a. True
b. False
88. Mandatory sentencing and three–strikes legislation are two ways in which states combat the problem of chronic
offenders.
a. True
b. False
89. Describe how the Uniform Crime Report is compiled and the validity concerns associated with this method of
measuring crime.
90. Describe how the National Crime Victimization Survey is compiled and the validity concerns associated with this
method of measuring crime.
91. What is self–report data? Discuss the use and accuracy of self-report data.
92. What is the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)? How is it different from the UCR?
93. Discuss what is meant by the phrase “the ecology of crime.” Explain how crime rates are impacted by each
ecology factor.
94. Discuss the relationship between crime and social class and the economy. Explain each of the views associated
with this relationship.
95. Explain what is meant by the aging–out process.
96. What is the relationship between race and crime? How is this relationship explained?
97. A popular political debate each year, especially around elections, is immigration in the United States. While
many point to immigrants as a main cause of crime in the United States, what does research show about this
phenomenon?
98. Explain Wolfgang, Figlio, and Sellin’s research on chronic offending. What are some implications of this
research?
99. What impact and influence has the discovery of the chronic offender had on the field of criminology?
100. What is meant by early–onset offending, and what may be some causes of chronicity?