51) A crude birth rate of approximately 10 per 1,000 is typical of a country in which stage of the
demographic transition?
A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4
E) Stages 2 and 3.
52) Leading approaches to reducing birth rates emphasize the long-term benefits of
A) teaching people to become more active consumers.
B) school programs that ignore contraceptive techniques and teach “abstinence only.”
C) improving men’s educational attainment in conjunction with small loans to businesses owned
by men in small communities.
D) improving local economic conditions in conjunction with improving women’s educational
attainment.
E) information about sexually transmitted diseases.
53) The government of Bangladesh has helped reduce birth rates mainly by providing
A) an economy as developed as any in Europe.
B) access to and information about universities that women can attend.
C) information about choosing sexual abstinence.
D) access to and information about various methods of contraception.
E) religious reasons for improving the quality of life on Earth.
54) The low rate of contraceptive use in Africa reflects the region’s
A) improving education of women.
B) low status of women.
C) rapid diffusion of contraceptives.
D) low status of men.
E) high rates of religious adherence.
55) An analysis of the charts and/or demographic history in this chapter indicates that during the
Industrial Revolution two hundred years ago, the global population
A) decreased although it had increased during the earlier agricultural revolution.
B) declined although the annual growth rate increased exponentially.
C) continued to increase despite fluctuations in individual countries.
D) decreased dramatically because fewer people were producing food in rural communities.
E) neither increased nor decreased.
56) Country X has a crude birth rate of 40 and a crude death rate of 15. In what stage of the
demographic transition is this country?
A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4
E) Stage 5
57) Stages 1 and 4 of the Demographic Transition are similar in that
A) both have low growth rates.
B) both have high dependency ratios.
C) both have low dependency ratios.
D) both have low life expectancies.
E) both have low death rates.
58) More of the “why” questions of demographics can be addressed with data focusing on
A) inventions.
B) health.
C) topography.
D) “pollution exporting” policies.
E) air quality.
59) Judging by the demographic patterns of recent years, we can surmise that the principal
reason for declining natural increase rates in less developed countries today is
A) increasing crude birth rates.
B) declining crude birth rates.
C) increasing crude death rates.
D) declining crude death rates.
E) balanced natural increase rates.
60) Evaluating the charts on world population growth in this chapter, we can deduce that
A) the world population decreased during the late 1950s although it increased through the rest of
the 1900s, owing to fluctuations in the net increase rate.
B) the annual growth rate has increased exponentially, especially between 30,000 and 20,000
years ago.
C) the natural increase rate has been correlated to the growth in global population, and both have
increased greatly in the last century.
D) the natural increase rate will always rise.
E) the natural increase rate has been negatively correlated to the doubling time, which is
expressed in terms of years, yet the doubling time has not changed greatly in recent decades.
61) All other factors being equal, assess which of the following families would most likely
contribute to slowing its country’s birth rates.
A) The sons are encouraged to complete as many years of formal education as possible before
marrying and/or beginning to raise children themselves.
B) The sons and daughters are encouraged to become active consumers.
C) The daughters are encouraged to complete as many years of formal education as possible
before marrying and/or beginning to bear children themselves.
D) The daughters are provided with “abstinence only” sex-education classes in school.
E) The sons and daughters of a family are given classes on birth-control techniques, but they are
also expected to get married during their teen years.
62) Thomas Malthus concluded that
A) population increased arithmetically while food production increased linguistically.
B) the world’s rate of population increase was higher than the development of food supplies.
C) so-called “moral restraint” was producing lower crude birth rates.
D) population growth was outpacing available resources in every country, according to algebraic
calculations.
E) crude birth rates must balance crude death rates.
63) In comparing Malthus’s theory to actual world food production and population growth during
the past half-century, the principal difference is that
A) actual food production has been much higher than Malthus predicted.
B) Malthus’s theory predicted much higher food production than has actually occurred.
C) actual population growth has been much higher than Malthus predicted.
D) Malthus’s theory predicted much higher population growth than has actually occurred.
E) population increased geometrically while food production increased exponentially.
64) The two most populous countries in the world are
A) China and India.
B) India and Bangladesh.
C) Russia and the United States.
D) Indonesia and China.
E) the United States and China.
65) A possible stage five epidemiological transition is the stage of
A) pestilence and famine.
B) receding pandemics, including possible zombie pandemics.
C) degenerative and human-created diseases.
D) delayed degenerative diseases.
E) reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases.
66) Dr. John Snow found that cholera cases in London were
A) spatially associated with certain public wells.
B) being punished for their sins.
C) being transmitted almost exclusively by French and Irish immigrants.
D) transmitted through the air in contagious diffusion.
E) spread through the main seatrading routes by infected rats.
67) The stages of the epidemiologic transition are based on
A) causes of death at varying stages of the demographic transition.
B) the means through which disease is transmitted spatially.
C) non-contagious diseases such as heart disease, obesity, or diabetes.
D) new food sources which produced population explosions.
E) pandemics like the bubonic plague, influenza, or AIDS.
68) The ________ that reached Europe from Central Asia in the 1300s was spread by fleas
infecting rats, which were carried from port to port on most ships.
A) Black Blight, or bubonic flu,
B) Flea Plague, or bubonic pestilence,
C) Bubonic Flea Plague
D) Black Plague, or bubonic plague,
E) Rat Plague
69) The term ________ refers to the control of diseases.
A) transition
B) medicology
C) pandemiology
D) epidemiology
E) infectionical
70) The most lethal epidemic in recent years has been
A) avian flu.
B) AIDS.
C) malaria.
D) cholera.
E) SARS.
71) Most population growth is presently concentrated in more developed countries.
72) More than half of the people in the world live in Asia.
73) More people are alive now than at any time in the past.
74) City X contains 2,000,000 people living on 1,000 square kilometers of land. The population
density of City X is 200 persons per square kilometer.
75) City Y, which is a thriving port and a center of government, contains 4,000,000 people living
on 2,000 square kilometers of land. The population density of City Y is 2,000 persons per square
kilometer.
76) Country A, which lies partly in a fertile valley and partly in a vast desert, contains
10,000,000 people living on 10,000 square kilometers of land. The population density of Country
A is 1,000 persons per square kilometer.
77) The physiological density of Egypt is approximately 2,600 persons per square kilometer,
while the arithmetic density is approximately 80. This means that most of the country’s land is
unsuitable for intensive agriculture.
78) The highest crude birth rates are found in the less developed countries of Africa, Asia, and
Latin America.
79) The highest crude death rates are found in the less developed countries of Africa, Asia, and
Latin America.
80) A country of 30,000,000 people has a crude birth rate of 10. This means that in one year 30
babies were born.
81) Since the end of World War II, world population has been growing more slowly than in the
past.
82) A country in Stage 2 of the demographic transition is likely to have higher crude birth and
crude death rates than a country in Stage 4.
83) A country in Stage 4 of the demographic transition is likely to have a population pyramid
with a narrower base than a country in Stage 2.
84) Societies move from Stage 2 to Stage 3 of the demographic transition because of technical
change, but from Stage 3 to Stage 4 because of social change.
85) Increasing the education of women is generally associated with declining birth rates.
86) Concerns about overpopulation were proven wrong by Malthus’s theory, as well as by recent
theories.
87) According to Malthus, population increases rapidly, while food supply increases more
slowly.
88) China has the highest rate of population growth in the world.
89) As the GDP per capita increases, the crude birth rate generally ________.
90) As the GDP per capita increases, the natural increase rate generally ________.
91) Explain why today’s less developed societies moved from Stage 1 to Stage 2 of the
demographic transition.
92) Explain the controversy about spatial analysis and the census, in your own words.
93) Hypothesize that within 100 years, global climate change will alter the ecumene in your state
or region. Of the areas that you sometimes visit or are more familiar with, which would most
likely be affected by global climate change? Would other areas of the world be more affected?
Which? How and why? Support your ideas by imagining some specific changes or examples.
94) Summarize the main stages of the demographic transition and the reasons why a society
moves from one stage to another.
95) Imagine and contrast two different scenarios: That one of today’s less developed countries
will move from Stage 3 to Stage 4 of the demographic transition, while at the same time another
less developed country (perhaps even a neighbor to the first country) shifts from Stage 3 back to
Stage 2 again. What might account for these very different transitions? Imagine some specific
examples or situations to explain your ideas. Can you imagine this situation occuring in any
actual countries? Why or why not?
96) Contrast regional and national conditions: How is it possible that in some of today’s more
developed countries that have moved from Stage 3 to Stage 4 of the demographic transition,
certain areas or regions within those countries remain effectively within Stage 3? What kinds of
changes would need to occur in order to see nearly the entire population of the country transition
to Stage 4?
97) If your community or home town were an independent country and you were its leader, what
programs might you institute to change (increase or decrease) its rate of natural increase, and
why? What specific changes would you imagine occuring among people that you know, as a
result of your programs? Use data, terminology, and examples from the textbook to support your
ideas.
98) If you were given 100 million dollars for the project, what would you do to help reduce the
CBR of a less developed country? Which country would you choose, and how would you assign
the money? Feel free to use your imagination but give reasons for your proposed actions.
99) If you were the leader of a populous country with very limited resources, and the citizens
were concerned about the growth of the population, would you institute birth control policies
more similar to those of India or China? Why? Contrast some details of each country’s policies
while preparing your answer.
100) Imagine that your neighborhood or community were suddenly and permanently cut off from
receiving food and water supplies from other areas. Discuss how the concept of overpopulation
may, or may not, have been applicable to your community before and after this isolation. What
are your predictions for the near future and the long term? Give at least four specific examples or
scenarios to illustrate the difference, and attempt to predict the future size of the population.
101) Identify and compare three or four alternate solutions to the world population growth
problem, including your own solution (if you care to suggest one that seems feasible).
102) Imagine that a deadly pandemic will afflict the Americas (North America and Latin
America) in the distant future, and that it will spread by ingestion (eating) or by contact with the
surfaces of infected red meat. Given the large herds of cattle in several countries, as well as
current consumption habits, what immediate changes would you predict for food consumption
and international trade? If red meat were no longer trusted, what products would replace it? What
would the environmental and demographic impacts be in the short term, and the long term?