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True / False
1. The Bureau of Justice Statistics is the federal agency that collects data from local law enforcement agencies and
publishes them yearly in its Uniform Crime Report (UCR).
a.
True
b.
False
2. The “Hierarchy Rule” impacts the validity of the National Crime Victimization Survey.
a.
True
b.
False
3. The National Crime Victimization Survey addresses the nonreporting of crime issue inherent in the UCR.
a.
True
b.
False
4. Critics of self-report studies frequently suggest that expecting people to candidly admit illegal acts is unreasonable.
a.
True
b.
False
5. Although people are disturbed by media accounts of violent incidents, in reality media reports simply reflect the
significant increase in violent crimes since 1991.
a.
True
b.
False
6. Property crime rates have declined in recent years, dropping more than 10 percent during the past decade.
a.
True
b.
False
7. The age structure of the population has a significant influence on crime trends.
a.
True
b.
False
8. As the number of guns in the population increases, so do violent crime rates.
a.
True
b.
False
9. Most reported crimes occur during the months of April and May.
a.
True
b.
False
10. Those living in poverty engage in disproportionate amounts of expressive crimes, such as rape and assault.
a.
True
b.
False
11. The weight of recent research suggests that serious crime is more prevalent in socially disorganized lower-class areas.
a.
True
b.
False
12. Racial threat theory contends that as the percentage of African Americans in the population increases, so does the
amount of social control that the justice system aims at blacks.
a.
True
b.
False
13. The elderly are particularly resistant to the temptations of crime.
a.
True
b.
False
14. Most people commit less crime as they mature.
a.
True
b.
False
15. Racial and ethnic differentials in crime rates are tied to economic and social disparity.
a.
True
b.
False
16. The view that women who commit crimes have biological and psychological traits similar to those of men is known as
liberal feminist theory.
a.
True
b.
False
17. Although the gap is narrowing, males have a higher crime rate than females.
a.
True
b.
False
18. In relation to property crime, the peak age of offending is believed to be about 26 years of age.
a.
True
b.
False
19. Crime peaks in adolescence and then declines rapidly thereafter.
a.
True
b.
False
20. Aging out is a term used to address the ending of a sentence for those convicted of lengthy felony sentences.
a.
True
b.
False
21. Wolfgang and associates’ second cohort study found that 6 percent of female delinquents were chronic offenders.
a.
True
b.
False
22. Chronic offenders eventually age out of crime.
a.
True
b.
False
23. According to the research on chronic offenders, arrests and court experiences deter chronic offenders.
a.
True
b.
False
24. Repeat offenders usually begin their careers at a very early age.
a.
True
b.
False
25. Rehabilitation is the current sentencing approach taken to deal with chronic offenders.
a.
True
b.
False
Multiple Choice
26. The Uniform Crime Report is a primary source of crime data collected by the ______.
a.
National Institute of Justice
b.
Bureau of Justice Statistics
c.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
d.
Office of Juvenile Justice
27. The UCR contains data on Part I and Part II crimes. Which of the following is not a Part I crime?
a.
Hate crime
b.
Arson
c.
Forcible rape
d.
Aggravated assault
28. What shortcoming in the UCR is addressed by the National Crime Victimization Survey?
a.
The “Sampling Rule”
b.
The nonclearance issue
c.
The “Hierarchy Rule”
d.
The nonreporting issue
29. The UCR expresses data as raw figures, crime rates, and changes in the number and rate over time. How are crime
rates expressed in the UCR?
a.
Rates per 1,000 total U.S. population
b.
Rates per 10,000 total U.S. population
c.
Rates per 100,000 total U.S. population
d.
Rates per 1,000,000 total U.S. population
30. The NCVS annually samples more than 40,000 _________ in order to estimate crime victimization.
a.
juveniles
b.
households
c.
police departments
d.
offenders
31. Survey research involves _____, which is the process of selecting for study a limited number of subjects who are
representative of entire groups sharing similar characteristics, called the population.
a.
locating
b.
measuring
c.
sampling
d.
sectioning
32. Although self-report studies can be used to examine the offense history of prison inmates and drug users, most self-
report studies have focused on _____ crime.
a.
adult
b.
youth
c.
hate
d.
school
33. A validity concern associated with the NCVS involves ______.
a.
victims overreporting crime
b.
its large sample size
c.
interviewing household members under the age of 12
d.
police officers who fail to disclose crimes in which they are involved
34. The reporting accuracy of self-report studies is affected by the _____ phenomenon.
a.
“missing cases”
b.
“overreporting”
c.
“small cohort”
d.
“known group”
35. According to the Monitoring the Future survey discussed in the text, the crime problem is _____.
a.
the same as indicated by the UCR
b.
the same as indicated by the NCVS
c.
less than the UCR and NCVS indicate
d.
greater than the UCR and NCVS indicate
36. When evaluating the three primary sources of crime data, the crime patterns and trends are ______.
a.
often quite dissimilar
b.
often quite similar
c.
incapable of providing an accurate picture of crime
d.
not consistent over time
37. How does today’s violent crime rate compare to the violent crime rate in 1991?
a.
Today’s violent crime rate has increased by nearly 20 percent.
b.
Today’s violent crime rate has increased by nearly 50 percent.
c.
Today’s violent crime rate has decreased by nearly 20 percent.
d.
Today’s violent crime rate has decreased by nearly 50 percent.
38. There is evidence that the monumental decision in _____________ in 1973 had a direct impact on crime years later.
a.
Roe v. Wade
b.
Bell v. Burton
c.
Kidd v. Georgia
d.
Furman v. Georgia
39. Most human trafficking is considered _______, meaning that the origin and the destination of the victim are within the
same region of the world.
a.
intraregional
b.
interregional
c.
cross-sectional
d.
intraracial
40. Which of the following factors has been the most stable indicator of criminal likelihood?
a.
Age
b.
Income
c.
Race/ethnicity
d.
Temperature
41. Franklin Zimring and Gordon Hawkins believe the _____ is the single most significant factor separating the crime
problem in the United States from that of the rest of the developed world.
a.
degree of economic opportunity
b.
proliferation of handguns
c.
abortion rate
d.
immigrant population
42. Referring to the ecology of crime, which statement about crime and temperature is accurate?
a.
Crime increases as temperature increases.
b.
Crime decreases as temperature increases.
c.
Crime and temperature are inversely related.
d.
Crime and temperature show no relationship.
43. Referring to the ecology of crime, which of the following settings has the highest violent crime rate?
a.
An urban area in the northeast
b.
A rural area in northeast
c.
An urban area in the south
d.
A rural area in the south
44. People living in poverty are believed to engage in disproportionate amounts of _____ crimes, such as rape and assault,
as a result of their rage, anger, and frustration against society.
a.
deliberate
b.
expressive
c.
instrumental
d.
defensive
45. UCR data associate social class with crime, indicating higher crime rates in inner-city, high-poverty areas. An
alternative explanation for the association between social class and crime is ____, not actual criminal behavior patterns.
a.
social stereotyping
b.
population diversity
c.
law enforcement practices
d.
unemployment and underemployment
46. What biological process accounts for desistance and aging out?
a.
The level of hormone activity in the brain
b.
The end of growth spurts
c.
Better diets
d.
Energy decline
47. Crime peaks in adolescence and then declines rapidly thereafter. What is the peak age for property crime?
a.
14
b.
16
c.
18
d.
20
48. The view of crime suggesting that the social and economic roles of women in society control their crime rates is
termed ______.
a.
liberation theory
b.
the femininity hypothesis
c.
the masculinity hypothesis
d.
liberal feminist theory
49. All of the following would be considered an instrumental crime except
a.
pawning stolen merchandise
b.
rape
c.
selling drugs
d.
theft
50. The_____ suggests that as the African American population increases, so does the amount of social control directed at
them. This type of racism could account for the higher rates of minority crime in UCR data.
a.
urban crime theory
b.
racial threat hypothesis
c.
racial control hypothesis
d.
urban threat correlation
51. The majority of murderers use _____________ to commit their murder.
a.
blunt objects
b.
firearms
c.
ropes
d.
knives
52. Which region of the United States has the highest crime rates?
a.
Northeast
b.
Midwest
c.
South
d.
West
53. The consequence of a lack of income and other resources, which cumulatively, leads to poverty is known as _____
a.
resource deprivation
b.
instrumental deprivation
c.
expressive deprivation
d.
ecology deprivation
54. Expressive crimes are committed to ______.
a.
attain power
b.
make money
c.
obtain desired goods
d.
vent rage
55. What neurotransmitter is known to limit offensive behavior?
a.
Dopamine
b.
Histamine
c.
Octopamine
d.
Serotonin
56. Which neurotransmitter is shown to facilitate aggressive behavior?
a.
Dopamine
b.
Melatonin
c.
Octopamine
d.
Serotonin
57. In Wolfgang et al.’s study of male juvenile delinquents, what percentage consisted of chronic offenders?
a.
6 percent
b.
10 percent
c.
16 percent
d.
20 percent
58. Wolfgang et al.’s second cohort study tracked males and females. What percentage of chronic offenders consisted of
females?
a.
1 percent
b.
3 percent
c.
6 percent
d.
9 percent
59. Discovery of the chronic offender has forced criminologists to consider _____ in their explanations of crime.
a.
marriage and employment
b.
supervision and control
c.
persistence and desistence
d.
age and gender
60. Who has become a central focus of crime control policy?
a.
Chronic offenders
b.
Elderly offenders
c.
Mass murderers
d.
Serial killers
61. According to the research on chronic offenders, punishment was ___________ related to chronic offending.
a.
conditionally
b.
contrapositively
c.
conversely
d.
inversely
62. Which of the following is not mentioned as a predictive factor for chronicity?
a.
Beginning lawbreaking at an early age
b.
Single-parent households
c.
Low intellectual development
d.
Parental drug involvement
Martha is looking to move to a new city to raise her two young children. School quality and crime rates are her two
biggest concerns that she will evaluate before deciding on which city to move to. Her employment is flexible in that she
works from home. Thus, she is able to work from anywhere in the country.
63. Martha calls many police departments around the country, seeking information about their crime statistics. One
particular police department recommends that she look at the published reports developed by the FBI, which compared
cities and crime statistics per 100,000 residences. What report should she look at?
a.
ATF
b.
UCR
c.
NCVS
d.
DRS-II
64. Martha is particularly concerned with drug offenses and vandalism in the community that she will move to. These
types of offenses are ____ crimes, according to the official crime records.
a.
Part I
b.
Part II
c.
Violent
d.
Juvenile
65. Martha has narrowed her choices to New York, NY in the Northeast, San Francisco, CA in the West, Miami, FL in the
South, and Ann Arbor, MI in the Midwest. Based on the research on the ecology of crime, which of these cities would
most likely have the highest crime rate?
a.
New York
b.
San Francisco
c.
Miami
d.
Ann Arbor
66. Martha has decided to move to San Francisco, California. She decides to attend a neighborhood watch meeting where
members of the local police department are speaking. They are explaining the crime trends over the past 30 years. Which
of the following is accurate information concerning the crime rates?
a.
Crime rates peaked in the 1970s and have been in sharp decline ever since.
b.
Crime rates peaked in the 1980s and have been in sharp decline ever since.
c.
Crime rates peaked in the 1990s and have been in sharp decline ever since.
d.
Crime rates peaked in the 2000s and have been in sharp decline ever since.
67. One of Martha’s children is a 15-year-old boy. He is starting high school in the fall. She is concerned that he will
start to hang out with the wrong crowd and possibly begin to commit crime. According to the research, the peak age for
property crime is believed to be ____, and thus Martha should be mindful of her son’s activities.
a.
13
b.
14
c.
15
d.
16
The police chief in Anytown, USA, is conducting weekly seminars where the residents of his city can come and learn
about crime rates, crime trends, and crime patterns in their city. Every week the seminars seem to become more popular.
At the most recent seminar, 200 people attended. They had to move the seminar into the city auditorium.
68. At this week’s seminar, one of the participants asked the chief of police to comment on crime rates. Which statement
below would the chief be able to state with certitude?
a.
“Speculating about future crime trends is risky because change can occur rapidly.”
b.
“Crime rates will continue to decrease because they have been decreasing for the past 20 years and crime
trends move in 40-year cycles.”
c.
“Crime rates will most likely increase because the baby boomer population is increasing.”
d.
“All U.S. cities will experience a decrease in crime rates next year because international crime rates continue
to decline.”
69. The question is asked of the police chief present of "Why do some women commit more crime than men?" The theory
best at explaining why some women have biological and psychological traits similar to those of men and thus may be
more likely to commit crime is referred to as the _____ hypothesis.
a.
antifeminine
b.
femme-fatale
c.
liberal feminist
d.
masculinity
70. The police chief explains that there are problems with the UCR crime data. What is the biggest potential problem with
the validity of UCR crime data?
a.
Only violent crimes are counted in the UCR data.
b.
Only property crimes are counted in the UCR data.
c.
Many serious crimes are not reported to police and therefore are not counted in the UCR.
d.
The UCR only counts crimes reported by people 18 years of age or older.
71. The community is concerned that the police department is not deploying its manpower effectively. According to the
research, during what months should police staffing be maximized?
a.
January and February
b.
March and April
c.
July and August
d.
November and December
72. The police chief recommends to the audience that they should look at other sources to evaluate statistics on crime. He
suggests that the participants review the _______________, which is a comprehensive, nationwide survey of victimization
in the United States conducted annually by the U.S. Census Bureau and the Bureau of Justice Statistics.
a.
MTF
b.
NCVS
c.
NIBRS
d.
UCR
73. The National Crime Victimization Survey is conducted by the Justice Department and the _______.
74. A group of individuals with common features and particular characteristics is referred to as a(n) ____________.
75. Selecting a limited number of people for study as _____ of a larger group is referred to as sampling.
76. The ___________ is a program that collects data on each reported crime incident as an attempt to redesign the UCR
statistics.
77. A relatively new criminological technique called __________________, uses multiple advanced computational
methods, including artificial intelligence, to analyze large data sets that usually involve one or more sources.
78. The collection of _________________ data involves observing over time a group of people who share certain
characteristics.
79. The unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession or constructive possession of
another is known as _____.
80. Criminologists now use _______________ to create graphical representations of the spatial geography of crime.
81. The unlawful entry of a structure to commit the felony or a theft is known as ______.
82. The unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession of another is known as
__________.
83. The ______ is the view that women who commit crimes have biological and psychological traits similar to those of
men.
84. The consequence of a lack of income and other resources, which cumulatively, leads to poverty is known as _____.
85. According to the UCR, 70 percent of murders involve this choice of weapon.
86. _________ crimes are offenses designed to improve the financial or social position of the criminal.
87. Police-initiated action directed at a suspect or group of suspects based solely on race is ______.
88. _______ is the phrase used to express the fact that people commit less crime as they mature.
89. The small group of persistent offenders who account for a majority of all criminal offenders are known as ______.
90. Laws that require offenders to serve life in prison after they are convicted of a third offense are known as ______.
91. Compare and contrast the Uniform Crime Report and the National Crime Victimization Survey. What are the
differences in the way data are collected for these primary crime data sources?
92. Identify and discuss the problems associated with the validity of crime data collection using victimization surveys and
self-report studies.
93. What do the UCR and NCVS indicate about the recent trends in crime rates? Include violent and property crimes in
your response.
94. List and describe three of the primary policies and issues with international crime trends.
95. List and explain the most noticeable trends associated with crime victimization.
96. Explain how the economy, abortion, gun availability, and drug use influence crime patterns and crime rates.
97. List and describe the primary data associated with predicting future crime trends.
98. Patterns in the crime rate seem to be linked to temporal and ecological factors. Identify and discuss these factors.
99. Compare and contrast the masculinity hypothesis and liberal feminist theory.
100. Discuss the reasons why crime may be considered a lower-class phenomenon. Which factors contribute to this view?
101. Several factors explain gender differences in the crime rate. Identify and discuss these factors.
102. Explain the racial threat hypothesis, how it begins, and what factors are associated with it. Provide at least one real
world example which may demonstrate the racial threat hypothesis in action.
103. Discuss the age structure of society and the concept of aging out.” How do age and aging out impact crime rates?
104. Describe Wolfgang, Figlio, and Sellin’s cohort studies and discuss the findings that emerged from their pioneering
research.
105. Explain the concept of early onset and discuss the factors that cause chronicity.
