40. In situations of cultural diffusion:
a. the two cultures do not exchange every cultural item.
b. one culture borrows and the other one does not.
c. it is the stronger culture which borrows, or steals, from the other.
d. the recipient culture does not have a choice regarding the item exchanged.
e. it is common for the two cultures to merge and become integrated.
41. Which of the following statements about cultural diffusion is FALSE?
a. Some parts of culture are more likely to diffuse than others.
b. Diffusion is affected by other variables within a culture.
c. The process of diffusion is selective.
d. Diffusion is a reciprocal process.
e. Widespread diffusion indicates that a culture is having difficulty adapting.
42. InHaciendaHeights,CA,aMcDonald’srestauranthasincorporatedtheancientAsianpracticeoffeng shui in the
design of one of its restaurants. Which principle of culture change does this illustrate?
a. Cultural diffusion
b. Innovation
c. Invention
d. Acculturation
e. Ethnocentrism
Chapter2—TheConceptofCulture
43. Forced borrowing under conditions of external pressure is a form of:
a. cultural diffusion.
b. cultural innovation.
c. acculturation.
d. invention.
e. colonialism.
44. Changes in the United States as a result of the introduction of the automobile such as changes in vacation style,
increased employment mobility, greater variety of food products available, and environmental crises, are an
illustration of:
a. acculturation.
b. linked changes.
c. integrated change.
d. cultural diffusion.
e. maladaptation.
45. Whentheauthorsusetheterm“smallscalesociety,”theyarereferringtosocietieswithrelatively:
a. small populations, simple technologies, and little labor specialization.
b. simple technologies, very specialized labor, and small populations.
c. numerous small subcultural groups who are economically interconnected.
d. isolated populations of native peoples.
e. undeveloped economic systems.
Chapter2—TheConceptofCulture
46. When changes in one part of the culture create other changes in other areas of a culture, these are called:
a. small-scale societies.
b. webbed cultures.
c. integrated cultures.
d. linked changes.
e. polychromatic changes.
47. Which statement about hikikomori is true?
a. It is a culture-specific psychological disorder found in China.
b. It affects teenage girls and young women.
c. It results from the enormous pressure Japanese culture places on young males to succeed in school and later
in the corporate world.
d. It is an eating disorder found among Japanese teenage girls.
e. It is a form of spirit possession found in the Philippines.
48. Which of the following statements about culture is true?
a. Culture determines behavior, and the individual must conform to expectations in order to succeed within a
group.
b. Culture influences behavior and acts as a powerful force in affecting individual choices and free will.
c. Culture is a form of behavior itself and may be either ideal or real.
d. Culture and behavior are two kinds of social deviance which cause the individual significant amounts of
anxiety.
e. There is no relation between culture and behavior.
Chapter2—TheConceptofCulture
49. Anthropology can benefit from many different web capacities today. Some benefits include each of the following
EXCEPT:
a. Ngram Viewer.
b. AnthroSource.
c. Google.
d. AAA wesbite at aaanet.org
e. IntroAnthro Viewer.
50. Website technology has allowed all of the following advances in anthropological knowledge EXCEPT:
a. it can transform our understanding of language and language change.
b. it has allowed us to generate profiles on diverse cultures.
c. it allows us to understand which cultures are superior and why.
d. it allows for more collaboration between researchers.
e. it allows us access to a much larger database of information.
51. Anthropology focuses on the concept of culture more than any other academic discipline.
a. True
b. False
52. Technology provides new tools for the practice of ethnography.
a. True
b. False
Chapter2—TheConceptofCulture
53. The most fundamental aspect of culture is its use of material objects.
a. True
b. False
54. A subculture refers to an inferior cultural group.
a. True
b. False
55. There are an estimated 5,000 cultural groups in existence today.
a. True
b. False
56. The process by which a child learns his or her own culture requires many years of formal schooling.
a. True
b. False
57. The American Anthropological Association has taken the official position that humans are born with a built-in
culture.
a. True
b. False
Chapter2—TheConceptofCulture
58. The United States is an example of a monochronic culture.
a. True
b. False
59. Human behavior is largely instinctual.
a. True
b. False
60. Humans are the products of both cultural and biological processes.
a. True
b. False
61. In the last decade there has been a reduction in the extent to which Americans alter their appearance through plastic
surgery.
a. True
b. False
62. Few cultural universals have to do with meeting the basic physiological needs of humans.
a. True
b. False
Chapter2—TheConceptofCulture
63. Cultural adaptations have little importance in humans’ adaptation to the sub-Arctic.
a. True
b. False
64. Human adaptation is due to Darwinian natural selection and, to a great extent, culture.
a. True
b. False
65. All parts of culture are interconnected with each other.
a. True
b. False
66. True diffusion involves only items of material culture.
a. True
b. False
67. Acculturation is a type of cultural diffusion.
a. True
b. False
Chapter2—TheConceptofCulture
68. Societies with very simple technology are called primitive societies by most anthropologists today.
a. True
b. False
69. In the 21st century, anthropologists are using less technology to improve human social relations.
a. True
b. False
70. Hikikomori, the severe withdrawal found among an alarming numbers of teenage boys and young men in Japan, is
found to a similar degree in Britain, France, and the United States.
a. True
b. False
71. How do anthropologists define the concept of culture? Consider the three components of culture.
72. What is culture shock?
Chapter2—TheConceptofCulture
73. What are pluralistic societies? Provide an example of one.
74. Compare and contrast a monochronic and a polychronic culture.
75. Give examples of variations in cultural attitudes concerning male and female attractiveness.
76. What is a social control system? Why do you think this is a cultural universal?
77. Define the organic analogy made popular by some of the early functionalist anthropologists.
Chapter2—TheConceptofCulture
78. How is culture adaptive and maladaptive?
79. Distinguish between invention, innovation, and cultural diffusion.
80. Why is the word “primitive” ethnocentric?
81. In your own words, how would you define the concept of culture? What general statements hold true for all cultures
of the world?
82. Whatis“cultureshock”andwhatsuggestionsmightyouputforthforminimizingsomeofitsmoreharmfuleffects?
83. How many things that you do during your waking hours are purely biologically based? Give at least 3 examples of
routine behavior and distinguish the learned cultural practices from biology.
Chapter2—TheConceptofCulture
84. One of the most important technological changes that took place in the United States was the mass use of television
during the 1950s. How has the introduction of that one new gadget influenced or changed other parts of American
culture, such as politics, education, religion, and family life?
85. Writeanessayillustratinghowtheconceptof“cultureinfluencingbiologicalprocesses”hasaffectedAmerican
culture. Use personal examples, if you choose.
86. There are many cultural universals, yet cultures are still so very different. Why do you think that despite the common
needs of all human beings, we still live in distinct cultural groups?
87. Discuss how culture is adaptive and use examples to illustrate your points.
88. How has technology changed the practice of anthropology?
89. Discuss the importance of invention, innovation, and cultural diffusion and illustrate each of these concepts by using
examples with which you are familiar in your own culture.
90. Culture exerts a powerful force on individuals. Discuss some examples of how culture affects and pressures the
individual.
Chapter2—TheConceptofCulture