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Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following factors do not influence socialization processes?
a.
Cognitive factors
b.
Sociocultural factors
c.
Biological factors
d.
Interactive factors
2. Generally, children begin to form a self-concept around ______ months of age.
a.
6 to 9
b.
9 to 12
c.
12 to 15
d.
15 to 18
3. According to Erikson, the major task of infancy is to develop a sense of
a.
autonomy.
b.
trust.
c.
industry.
d.
egocentrism.
4. Achievement, foreclosure, moratorium, searching moratorium, and diffusion are all statuses in the development of
a.
friendship.
b.
identity.
c.
communication.
d.
attachment.
5. According to Erikson, young adults aged 18 years and older are working on which developmental task?
a.
Trust vs. mistrust
b.
Intimacy vs. isolation
c.
Identity vs. identity diffusion
d.
Assimilation vs. accommodation
6. The last of Erikson’s stages is which of the following?
a.
Generativity vs. self-absorption
b.
Integrity vs. despair
c.
Accommodation vs. assimilation
d.
Development vs. change
7. The ability to control one’s impulses, behavior, and/or emotions until an appropriate time is available for expression is
called
a.
ambition.
b.
self-regulation.
c.
identity.
d.
self-esteem.
8. When an 18-month-old throws a temper tantrum because he can’t have a cookie, he is demonstrating that he has not yet
developed
a.
a self-concept.
b.
self-regulation.
c.
self-esteem.
d.
a secure attachment.
9. Which socializing agent bears the major responsibility for socializing the child?
a.
The family
b.
The school
c.
The community
d.
The peer group
10. Which orientation emphasizes affiliation, cooperation, and interpersonal relations?
a.
Collectivist
b.
Individualist
c.
Developmental
d.
Regulatory
11. Which coping style is associated with “doing” and “getting things done”?
a.
Active
b.
Passive
c.
Futuristic
d.
Open
12. According to your text, research indicates that Euro-American children are likely to _________ than Latino or Asian
children.
a.
have more egalitarian attitudes toward authority
b.
have less egalitarian attitudes toward authority
c.
be more obedient toward authority
d.
all of these
13. According to Kagicibasi (1996), which kind of family patterns and socialization practices stress family loyalty,
intergenerational dependency, control, and obedience?
a.
Interdependent
b.
Independent
c.
Authoritarian
d.
Learner-centered
14. Which socializing agent has the purpose to perpetuate society’s knowledge, skills, customs, and beliefs?
a.
The peer group
b.
The family
c.
The media
d.
The school
15. A child’s peer group consists of individuals who
a.
are of approximately the same age.
b.
are of approximately the same social status.
c.
have common interests.
d.
all of these.
16. Reciprocal interactions within peer groups begin at about the age of
a.
2 months.
b.
3 years.
c.
7 years.
d.
11 years.
17. The socializing agent of which the function is to provide information about the world and oneself from a perspective
other than that of the family is which of the following?
a.
The media
b.
The peer group
c.
The family
d.
The community
18. The media differs from other socializing agents in which of the following ways?
a.
It does not ordinarily involve direct personal interaction.
b.
It does not interact with other socializing agents.
c.
It has minimal effect on children’s socialization process.
d.
It is more easily controlled.
19. The function of the community is to provide a sense of
a.
belonging.
b.
friendship.
c.
socialization.
d.
all of these.
20. Interactions in a community are influenced by which of the following?
a.
Size of the community
b.
Stability of the population
c.
Mobility patterns
d.
All of these
21. John’s Boy Scout troop invited some individuals from the neighborhood to give a presentation about different
occupational choices (careers). This is an example of socialization at what level?
a.
The school
b.
The family
c.
The community
d.
The mass media
22. Rachael learned the cans at her school were being thrown away with the rest of the trash. Rachael organized a
campaign to make her school more earth-friendly by dividing the trash into recyclable and non-recyclable materials.
Rachael is
a.
engaging in advocacy.
b.
displaying egocentrism.
c.
working on issues of intimacy vs. isolation.
d.
showing a permissive style.
23. Which method of socialization involves feeling or emotions such love, anger, fear, or disgust?
a.
Observational
b.
Cognitive
c.
Affective
d.
Apprenticeship
24. Observational learning differs from cognitive learning in that observational learning is more likely to emphasize
a.
modeling.
b.
collaborating.
c.
reasoning.
d.
none of these.
25. Kylie is receiving inconsistent care from her mother. According to your text, Kylie is likely to develop which kind of
attachment?
a.
Secure
b.
Insecure
c.
Bonded
d.
Trust vs. mistrust
26. Positive reinforcement refers to a consequence being _________, whereas negative reinforcement refers to a
consequence being _________.
a.
given; terminated
b.
terminated; given
c.
a stimulus; a response
d.
first; last
27. Allowing a child to leave his room when he stops a temper tantrum is an example of
a.
positive reinforcement.
b.
negative reinforcement.
c.
shaping.
d.
cognition.
28. Mary is a teacher who likes to use lots of praise in her classroom. Which of the following best describes the principle
Mary is using?
a.
Positive reinforcement
b.
Negative reinforcement
c.
Extinction
d.
Punishment
29. Emanuel is trying to get his daughter to stop biting her nails. His plan is to ignore his daughter’s nail biting, but praise
her at every 10-minute interval in which she does not bite her nails. Gradually, Emanuel plans to lengthen the amount of
time between praise. If Emanuel’s method is successful, the disappearance of nail biting would be considered which of
the following?
a.
Extinction
b.
Punishment
c.
Negative reinforcement
d.
Modeling
30. In order for punishment to be effective, it needs to be
a.
given close to the time of the behaviors.
b.
accompanied by an explanation.
c.
consistently applied.
d.
all of these.
31. Which of the following is not a criticism of punishment as a technique?
a.
Punishment is not effective.
b.
Punishing a child does not show him or her what correct or desired behavior looks like.
c.
Children model what they see.
d.
The emotional side effects of punishment may be more damaging than the child’s original behavior.
32. An approving nod, a questioning look, and a reminder are all examples of
a.
praise.
b.
feedback.
c.
extinction.
d.
insecure attachment.
33. Baby Miranda is learning that she can make a noise by banging two lids together. Which of the following best
describes what the lids are helping Miranda develop?
a.
Her sense of self-efficacy
b.
Her cultural identity
c.
Her sociocentrism
d.
All of these
34. Modeling helps children
a.
learn complicated behavior by observing it.
b.
develop new ways of behaving in situation they have not previously experienced.
c.
learn appropriate social behavior vicariously.
d.
all of these.
35. According to your text, which of the following is a reason why children try behaviors they see on television?
a.
Television removes an unpleasant stimulus; children are eager to try this.
b.
Children like the collaborative (group process) aspects of television.
c.
Television provides an opportunity for generativity.
d.
Children see individuals being rewarded on television.
36. Standards for a child’s behavior are set by
a.
parents.
b.
the peer group.
c.
the teacher.
d.
all of these.
37. When a teacher gives explanations or causes for an act, this is called
a.
reasoning.
b.
negative reinforcement.
c.
extinction.
d.
observational learning.
38. Which of the following best describes inductive reasoning?
a.
Particular to the general
b.
Large to the small
c.
General to the specific
d.
Particular to the particular
39. According to your text, children first begin to think less intuitively and more concretely around the age of
a.
1 year.
b.
3 years.
c.
5 years.
d.
7 years.
40. “I can’t hit Kyle; therefore I can’t hit any other children” is an example of
a.
inductive reasoning.
b.
deductive reasoning.
c.
trust vs. mistrust.
d.
punishment.
41. Talking about the reasons why a child cannot do something is characteristic of
a.
authoritative parents.
b.
authoritarian parents.
c.
permissive parents.
d.
permissive teachers.
42. Group pressure is sometimes used by ethnic groups to
a.
promote individualism.
