Unlock document.
This document is partially blurred.
Unlock all pages and 1 million more documents.
Get Access
b.
control non-conforming behavior.
c.
promote egocentric thought.
d.
all of these.
43. The influence of the social group varies according to several factors, including which of the following?
a.
Attraction to the group
b.
Acceptance by the group
c.
Type of group
d.
All of these
44. Maria and Manuel read a book to their child every night before they put him to bed. This is an example of a
a.
symbol.
b.
routine.
c.
rite of passage.
d.
conservation task.
45. Rituals that signify changes in individuals’ status as they move through the cycle of life are referred to as which of the
following?
a.
Rites of passage
b.
Cultural stereotypes
c.
Values
d.
Mastery motivations
46. Apprenticeship programs typically progress from _________ to _________.
a.
collaborating; structuring
b.
structuring; transferring
c.
reasoning; explaining
d.
open/expressive; restrained/private
47. Values differ from attitudes in that values are
a.
learned from socializing agents.
b.
acquired by modeling others.
c.
qualities or beliefs as opposed to tendencies to respond.
d.
all of these.
48. Professor Jones is studying how a person responds to the temptation to violate moral rules, such as lying and
cheating. Professor Jones is studying which aspect of moral development?
a.
Affective
b.
Cognitive
c.
Behavioral
d.
Cognitive-developmental
49. Which of the following is the main difference between the term “gender” and the term “sex”?
a.
“Gender” refers to psychological attributes, whereas “sex” refers to biological attributes.
b.
“Sex” refers to psychological attributes, whereas “gender” refers to biological attributes.
c.
None of these; the terms “sex” and “gender” refer to the same thing.
d.
“Gender” refers to chromosomes; “sex” refers to biological attributes.
50. The value one places on his or her identity is termed _________.
51. Erikson’s term for the developmental task in the play years (ages 3 to 5) is _________.
52. According to Erikson, adolescents are working on identity vs. _________.
53. Interest in establishing and guiding the next generation is called _________.
54. As the child progresses from infancy to childhood, emotional and behavioral regulation gradually shifts from
______________ socializing agents to ________________, self-induced mechanisms.
55. Family patterns that stress individual achievement, separateness of generations, egalitarianism, and consensus are
termed _________.
56. The _________________ is a source of social comparison.
57. A group of people living in the same geographical area who are bound together politically and economically is
considered a(n) _________.
58. Speaking or writing in support of a person, a group, or a cause is known as _______________.
59. Reinforcement and extinction are associated with _________ methods of socialization. _________ refers to an object
or event that is presented following a behavior and that serves to increase the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.
60. When a reward, or pleasant consequence, is given for desired behavior, this is called _________ reinforcement.
61. Timeout is a type of ___________________ in which all reinforcement is removed.
62. _________ refers to physically or psychologically painful stimuli.
63. Feedback usually _________ subsequent performance.
64. _________ refers to a form of imitative learning that occurs by observing another person perform a behavior and
experience its consequence.
65. Instruction, standard setting, and reasoning are all examples of the ______ socialization method.
66. _________ is a term for actions that are intended to aid or benefit another person or group of people without the
actor’s anticipation of external rewards.
67. Reasoning from a general principle to a specific case is called _________ reasoning.
68. John has a parenting style that is child-centered but lacks directives or authority. John’s style is termed _________.
69. The handing down of customs, stories, and beliefs from generation to generation is known as ________________.
70. A ceremonial observation of a prescribed rule or custom is called a(n) _________.
71. A debutante ball and a circumcision ceremony are examples of _________.
72. _________ refers to a process in which a novice is guided by an expert to participate in and master tasks.
73. Qualities or beliefs that are viewed as desirable or important are called _________.
74. “I failed because I didn’t study” is an example of a(n) _________ attribution.
75. An inborn motive to explore, understand, and control one’s environment is known as _________ motivation.
76. Moral values such as guilt, shame, and empathy are examples of the _________ component of morality.
77. _________ are qualities that an individual understands to characterize males and females in his or her culture.
Subjective Short Answer
78. Compare the early stages of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development to Erikson’s later stages. Focus your
discussion on how developmental tasks change over time, including the term(s) for each stage as appropriate.
79. Describe the six methods of socialization and give a specific example of each.
80. List and describe the main agents of socialization in the microsystem.
81. Describe how affective methods of socialization differ from sociocultural methods of socialization, and give
examples.
82. Describe the significance of attachment as a mediator in parent–child interactions.
83. Describe how observational methods of socialization differ from cognitive methods of socialization, and give
examples.
84. Imagine you are a kindergarten teacher on the first day of class, and you are using principles from behaviorism
(operant learning) to teach the children to put away their toys. Describe how you might do this, including key terms as
appropriate.
85. Describe the difference between punishment and feedback, and give examples of each.
86. As described in your text, explain why social groups vary in terms of their ability to influence individual members.
87. Imagine you are presenting an in-service to staff at a child care center. The topic of your presentation is cognitive
methods of socialization. Describe what you will say, providing an overview the concepts of instruction, reasoning, and
the setting of standards.
88. List and describe the seven outcomes of socialization found in your text. Choose two and describe systems critical in
their development from a bioecological perspective.
