44) Clots in our blood can lead to a heart attack or stroke by blocking blood flow. If a clot were
made up of a mass of proteins, what changed in the proteins to cause them to form the clot?
A) The proteins became more polar.
B) The blood became saturated with proteins.
C) The proteins were no longer soluble in the blood.
D) The proteins became more soluble in the blood.
45) A pharmaceutical company hires a chemist to analyze the purity of the water being used in
its drug preparations. If the water is pure, the chemist would expect to find
A) only molecules of H2O.
B) H2O molecules and H+ ions.
C) H2O molecules, H+ ions, and OH– ions.
D) only H+ ions and OH– ions.
46) A solution with a pH of 7 is
A) strongly acidic.
B) weakly acidic.
C) neutral.
D) weakly basic.
47) Compared to a solution of pH 3, a solution of pH 1 is
A) 100 times more acidic.
B) 10 times more acidic.
C) 10 times more basic.
D) 100 times more basic.
48) Which of the following statements about pH is true?
A) The pH scale is a measure of oxygen ion concentration.
B) A single unit change on the pH scale is equivalent to a 1% change in hydrogen ion
concentration.
C) An increase in hydrogen ion concentration means a decrease in pH scale units.
D) Basic pH levels are less than 7.
49) Household ammonia has a pH of 12; household bleach has a pH of 13. Which of the
following statements about these substances is true?
A) Both of these substances are strong acids.
B) The ammonia has 10 times as many OH– ions as the bleach.
C) The ammonia has 10 times as many H+ ions as the bleach.
D) A solution that could buffer the bleach and ammonia would remove excess OH– ions.
50) A buffer
A) is an acid that is used to offset overly basic conditions in the body.
B) is a base that is used to offset overly acidic conditions in the body.
C) donates H+ ions when conditions become too basic and accepts H+ ions when conditions
become too acidic.
D) donates OH– ions when conditions become too basic and accepts OH– ions when conditions
become too acidic.
51) A diabetic, who does not utilize insulin properly, will metabolize fats instead of glucose. A
condition called diabetic ketoacidosis is a common result of excessive fat metabolism, causing
blood pH values of 7.1 or less (normal range is 7.35-7.45). What has happened to the blood pH
and why?
A) The pH is above normal (basic) because the ketones are too basic.
B) The pH is below normal (acidic) because the buffering capacity was exceeded.
C) The pH is not affected because the blood buffers can absorb the excess H+.
D) The pH is below normal because buffers can donate OH+.
52) Which of the following hypotheses would be supported if liquid water were found on Mars
and contained evidence of bacteria-like organisms?
A) Life must evolve in the presence of oxygen.
B) The chemical evolution of life is possible.
C) Life on Earth must have originated on Mars.
D) Life is guided by intelligent design.
53) Silicon is an element that is found directly underneath carbon in the periodic table. How
many electrons are in the valence shell of a silicon atom?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 6
54) Consider the following situations: (1) a magnesium atom and two chlorine atoms join
together to form a molecule of magnesium chloride; (2) water molecules interact with each other
in a beaker; and (3) two carbon atom and six hydrogen atoms join together to form ethane. Rank
the strength of the bonding interactions taking place in each situation, from the weakest bonds to
the strongest bonds.
A) 1 < 2 < 3
B) 3 < 2 < 1
C) 2 < 3 < 1
D) 2 < 1 < 3
55) In ocean acidification, dissolving CO2 gas ________ the pH of the ocean.
A) lowers
B) does not affect
C) raises
D) triples
56) How will a lower ocean pH caused by ocean acidification affect coral reefs?
A) Coral reefs will grow faster because there are more carbonate ions available.
B) Coral reefs will grow slower because there are fewer carbonate ions available.
C) Coral reefs will grow faster because there are more bicarbonate ions available.
D) Coral reefs will grow slower because there are fewer bicarbonate ions available.
57) Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration, in which glucose is used to generate ATP to
power the cell. The major chemical reaction that takes place in glycolysis (ignoring some other
reactants and products) is the conversion of glucose (C6H12O6) to pyruvate (C3H4O3) and
hydrogen ions (H+). Using this information, what is the correct equation for the glycolysis
chemical reaction?
A) C6H12O6 → C3H4O3 + H+
B) C6H12O6 → 2 C3H4O3 + 2 H+
C) C6H12O6 → 2 C3H4O3 + H+
D) 2 C6H12O6 → C3H4O3 + 2 H+
58) Household ammonia, or ammonium hydroxide, is a mixture of ammonia (NH3) and water.
What types of bonding interactions will occur between molecules of ammonia and water in a
bottle of household ammonia?
A) polar covalent bonds between positively charged nitrogen atoms in ammonia and negatively
charged oxygen atoms in water
B) polar covalent bonds between negatively charged nitrogen atoms in ammonia and positively
charged hydrogen atoms in water
C) hydrogen bonds between positively charged nitrogen atoms in ammonia and negatively
charged oxygen atoms in water
D) hydrogen bonds between negatively charged nitrogen atoms in ammonia and positively
charged hydrogen atoms in water
59) A nutrition facts label from a fortified cereal states that in a single serving of cereal there is
8% of the percent daily value of the element phosphorous. The label also says that a single
serving of cereal plus one-half cup of skim milk has 20% of the percent daily value of
phosphorus. Which of the following statements is false?
A) A half-cup of skim milk contains 12% of the percent daily value of phosphorus.
B) A half-cup of skim milk contains twice as much phosphorus as a serving of cereal.
C) Eating five servings of cereal and two and a half cups of skim milk will give you 100% of the
phosphorus that you need for one day.
D) The amount of phosphorus in six servings of cereal is equal to the amount of phosphorus in
two cups of skim milk.
2.2 Art Questions
1) What change is occurring in this figure?
A) Chlorine is losing an electron.
B) Sodium is becoming negatively charged.
C) Sodium is filling its third electron shell.
D) Chlorine is filling its third electron shell.
2) The figure below shows five water molecules. The hydrogen bonds shown in this figure are
each
A) between two hydrogen atoms.
B) between an oxygen and a hydrogen atom of the same water molecule.
C) between an oxygen and a hydrogen atom of different water molecules.
D) between two atoms with the same charge.
3) Below is the structure of octane, the major component of gasoline. What type(s) of bond is
(are) found in a molecule of octane?
A) only nonpolar covalent bonds
B) only polar covalent bonds
C) hydrogen bonds and polar covalent bonds
D) ionic bonds and nonpolar covalent bonds
4) Below is the structure of leucine, an amino acid. What type of bond is the arrow pointing to?
A) a nonpolar covalent bond
B) a polar covalent bond
C) an ionic bond
D) a hydrogen bond
5) Below is a figure from an experiment that was performed to measure the effect of carbonate
ion (CO32-) concentration on the calcification (growth) rate of coral reefs. At which point on the
graph is the ocean pH the lowest?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
2.3 Scenario Questions
After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
You’ve been experiencing acid indigestion lately, and you’d like a quick fix for the problem. You
do a little research on the Internet and discover that your problem is caused by excess stomach
acid. In the pharmacy aisles, however, you‘re having a little trouble deciding what to purchase to
address the problem. At the pharmacy counter, the clerk recommends that you purchase PEPCID
AC or Alka-Seltzer tablets.
1) If you could check the pH of the recommended tablets, you would expect it to be
A) higher than 7.
B) lower than 7.
C) exactly 7.
D) pH neutral.
2) If you were able to chemically analyze your stomach fluids 30 minutes after taking two
tablets, you would find
A) more hydrogen ions.
B) fewer hydrogen ions.
C) the same number of hydrogen ions.
D) that the pH in your stomach has decreased.
3) You want to design a controlled experiment to determine which tablet, PEPCID AC or Alka-
Seltzer, neutralizes stomach acid the quickest. Which of the following experiments would be the
best to perform?
A) Place a PEPCID AC tablet in a beaker of acid at pH 2 and an Alka-Seltzer tablet in a separate
beaker of acid at pH 2 and check the pH in the beakers every 2 minutes.
B) Take a PEPCID AC tablet at 8:00 AM on Monday and take an Alka-Seltzer tablet at 8:00 AM
on Tuesday and take note of how long it takes you to feel better.
C) Find a group of your friends and go out to a big dinner. Then give half of them a PEPCID AC
tablet and give the other half an Alka-Seltzer tablet and tell them to write down how long it takes
them to feel better.
D) Place a PEPCID AC tablet in a beaker of acid at pH 2 and an Alka-Seltzer tablet in a separate
beaker of acid at pH 2 and record how long it takes for the tablets to dissolve.
4) You hypothesize that a tablet of PEPCID AC can neutralize more stomach acid than a tablet
of Alka-Seltzer. If you placed a tablet of each antacid in a beaker of acid at an initial pH of 2,
which of the following experimental results would support your hypothesis?
A) After 1 hour, the pH of the solution in the PEPCID AC beaker was 9.2 and the pH of the
solution in the Alka-Seltzer beaker was 8.3.
B) After 1 hour, the pH of the solution in the PEPCID AC beaker was 7.9 and the pH of the
solution in the Alka-Seltzer beaker was 9.6.
C) After 1 hour, the pH of the solution in the PEPCID AC beaker was equal to that of the pH of
the solution in the Alka-Seltzer beaker.
D) It took 3 minutes for the PEPCID AC tablet to fully dissolve and it took 5 minutes for the
Alka-Seltzer tablet to fully dissolve.
5) You want to design an experiment to compare the effectiveness of Pepcid AC tablets and
Alka-Seltzer tablets. Which of the following facts would be least likely to complicate your
experiment and the analysis of your results?
A) PEPCID AC and Alka-Seltzer tablets contain different concentrations of the antacid drug.
B) PEPCID AC and Alka-Seltzer tablets contain different ingredients.
C) The recommended dosage for PEPCID AC and Alka-Seltzer tablets is different.
D) PEPCID AC and Alka-Seltzer tablets are sold in different countries throughout the world.
After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
Uranium is a metallic element that is used in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. The vast
majority of uranium found on Earth is in the form of uranium-238, an isotope with a mass
number of 238, while the uranium that is used for nuclear reactors and weapons is uranium-235,
an isotope with a mass number of 235.
6) What is the atomic difference between uranium-235 and uranium-238?
A) Uranium-235 has three fewer protons than uranium-238.
B) Uranium-235 has three fewer neutrons than uranium-238.
C) Uranium-235 has three fewer electrons than uranium-238.
D) Uranium-235 has three fewer atoms than uranium-238.
7) If the atomic mass of uranium is 92, how many neutrons does an atom of uranium-235 have in
its nucleus?
A) 92
B) 143
C) 146
D) 235
8) In a certain type of nuclear reactor, uranium-238 can be converted to plutonium-239, another
radioactive element (with an atomic number of 94) that can be used to power nuclear reactions.
Which of the following statements regarding uranium-238 and plutonium-239 is false?
A) An atom of plutonium-239 contains one more proton than an atom of uranium-238.
B) An atom of plutonium-239 contains 145 neutrons.
C) An atom of uranium-238 has a smaller mass than an atom of plutonium-239.
D) An atom of plutonium-239 contains two more protons and one fewer neutron than an atom of
uranium-238.