Chapter 02 – Cell Physiology
1. A cell’s cytoplasm consists of ____.
a.
cytosol, plasma membrane, and mitochondria
b.
plasma membrane, organelles, and ribosomes
c.
cellular plasma, organelles, and exoskeleton
d.
osmotic fluid, DNA, and cytoskeleton
e.
cytosol, organelles, and cytoskeleton
Homeostasis Highlights
HUPH.SHER.16.2.2 – Discuss the three major subdivisions of human cells
2. An organism’s structure and function ultimately depend on what two factors within its cells?
a.
size and shape
b.
structural appearance and ability to produce energy
c.
collective functional capabilities and location
d.
collective structural characteristics and functional capabilities
e.
location within the body and overall number
3. What is the smallest structural/functional unit capable of carrying out life processes?
a.
an atom
b.
a molecule
c.
a cell
d.
an organ
e.
a specialized tissue
4. What is the average size (in diameter) of a typical human cell?
a.
about 100 micrometers
b.
about 10 to 20 micrometers
c.
about 1 micrometer
d.
about 10 millimeters
e.
about 1 millimeter
5. How much more powerful are modern electron microscopes compared to light microscopes?
Chapter 02 – Cell Physiology
a.
100x
b.
50x
c.
25x
d.
10x
e.
5x
6. What are the two major parts of a cell’s interior?
a.
the intracellular fluid and matrix
b.
the nucleus and plasma membrane
c.
the nucleus and cytoplasm
d.
the DNA and cytoplasm
e.
the DNA and RNA
2.2 An Overview of Cell Structure
7. What is the genetic material in a cell’s nucleus called?
a.
ribosomal acid (RNA)
b.
chromosomal proteins
c.
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
d.
diatomic nucleic acid (DNA)
e.
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
2.2 An Overview of Cell Structure
8. How many chromosomes do regular human cells contain?
a.
46
b.
43
c.
36
d.
23
e.
18
2.2 An Overview of Cell Structure
9. How many primary types of RNA play roles in protein synthesis within cells?
a.
two
b.
three
c.
four
d.
five
e.
six
2.2 An Overview of Cell Structure
10. What is the type of RNA called that delivers the appropriate amino acids within the cytoplasm to their designated site
at the ribosome?
a.
messenger RNA
b.
deliver RNA
c.
ribosomal RNA
d.
transfer RNA
e.
cytoplasm RNA
2.2 An Overview of Cell Structure
11. In addition to the main types of RNA, what are the newly discovered regulatory RNA types called?
a.
small RNA and regulatory RNA
b.
intracellular RNA and extracellular RNA
c.
microRNA and small interfering RNA
d.
microRNA and regulatory RNA
e.
cytoplasm RNA and interfering RNA
c
2.2 An Overview of Cell Structure
reticulum
12. What emerging science studies environmentally induced modifications of a gene’s activity that do not involve a
change in the gene’s DNA code?
a.
gene modification theory
b.
epigenetics
c.
geneticology
d.
modified genetics
e.
intragenetics
Chapter 02 – Cell Physiology
2.2 An Overview of Cell Structure
13. The endoplasmic reticulum can be thought of as a cellular factory that produces what two compounds?
a.
DNA and RNA
b.
organelles and protein
c.
ATP molecules and lipids
d.
ribosomes and ATP molecules
e.
proteins and lipids
2.3 Endoplasmic Reticulum and Segregated Synthesis
14. What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum called?
a.
smooth and rough
b.
intracellular and extracellular
c.
ribbed and non-ribbed
d.
long and short
e.
rounded and flat
2.3 Endoplasmic Reticulum and Segregated Synthesis
15. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is most abundant in what kind of cells?
a.
cells specialized for protein secretion
b.
nerve cells
c.
cells that require minimal membrane synthesis
d.
cardiac muscle cells
e.
slowly growing cells
2.3 Endoplasmic Reticulum and Segregated Synthesis
HUPH.SHER.16.2.3.1 – Outline the role of the rough ER in protein synthesis
16. What type of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is made of tubules and lumens?
a.
long ER
b.
smooth ER
c.
rough ER
Chapter 02 – Cell Physiology
d.
Golgi complex
e.
short ER
2.3 Endoplasmic Reticulum and Segregated Synthesis
17. The endoplasmic reticulum has a quality control system to remove misfolded proteins by tagging them with what
small protein?
a.
proteasome
b.
A-protease
c.
ubiquitin
d.
B-protease
e.
co-enzyme Q-10
c
2.3 Endoplasmic Reticulum and Segregated Synthesis
HUPH.SHER.16.2.3.1 – Outline the role of the rough ER in protein synthesis
18. Vesicular transport from one Golgi sac to the next is accomplished through the action of what compound?
a.
proteasome
b.
B-protease
c.
ubiquitin
d.
membrane-curving coat protein I (COPI)
e.
plasma coated protein I (PCPI)
2.4 Golgi Complex and Exocytosis
HUPH.SHER.16.2.4.1 – Describe the structure of the Golgi complex
19. What is the main action of lysosomes?
a.
promote cellular division
b.
repair the plasma membrane
c.
destroy free radicals
d.
produce energy for cells
e.
break down organic molecules
e
2.5 Lysosomes and Endocytosis
HUPH.SHER.16.2.5 – Explain the two main functions of lysosomes
20. On average, how many lysosomes do cells contain?
a.
about 10
b.
about 50
Chapter 02 – Cell Physiology
c.
about 100
d.
about 300
e.
about 1,000
2.5 Lysosomes and Endocytosis
HUPH.SHER.16.2.5 – Explain the two main functions of lysosomes
21. What form of endocytosis do white blood cells use in order to engulf bacteria?
a.
phagocytosis
b.
pinocytosis
c.
bactocytosis
d.
bacteriophage
e.
lymphocytosis
a
2.5 Lysosomes and Endocytosis
HUPH.SHER.16.2.5.1 – Describe the three forms of endocytosis
22. Pseudopods are characteristic of what form of endocytosis?
a.
pinocytosis
b.
phagocytosis
c.
autophagy
d.
lymphocytosis
e.
ingestion
2.5 Lysosomes and Endocytosis
HUPH.SHER.16.2.5.1 – Describe the three forms of endocytosis
23. Peroxisomes are membranous organelles that produce and decompose what compound?
a.
protein
b.
lysosomes
c.
hydrogen peroxide
d.
iron
e.
ozone
c
2.6 Peroxisomes and Detoxification
24. What is the main role of the mitochondria within cells?
a.
detoxification
b.
recycling
Chapter 02 – Cell Physiology
c.
free radical scavenging
d.
power plant
e.
gene protecting
d
2.7 Mitochondria and ATP Production
HUPH.SHER.16.2.7 – Explain why mitochondria are the energy organelles of the cell
25. What are the three stages of cellular respiration?
a.
glycolysis, citric acid cycle, aerobic and detoxification
b.
citric acid cycle, aerobic detoxification, and antioxidation
c.
glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and lactic acid cycle
d.
oxidative phosphorylation, lactic acid cycle, and glycogen production
e.
glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation
e
2.7 Mitochondria and ATP Production
26. How many enzymes are used for the process of glycolysis?
a.
4
b.
6
c.
8
d.
10
e.
12
d
2.7 Mitochondria and ATP Production
each is accomplished
27. What is an alternative name for the citric acid cycle?
a.
lactic acid cycle
b.
dicarboxylic acid cycle
c.
Krebs cycle
d.
glycolysis
e.
vitamin C cycle
c
2.7 Mitochondria and ATP Production
28. How many net molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose?
Chapter 02 – Cell Physiology
a.
36
b.
32
c.
16
d.
12
e.
2
b
2.7 Mitochondria and ATP Production
HUPH.SHER.16.2.7.3 – Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration
29. How many molecules of ATP are generated for each molecule of acetyl-CoA that enters the citric acid cycle?
a.
one
b.
two
c.
three
d.
four
e.
five
a
2.7 Mitochondria and ATP Production
HUPH.SHER.16.2.7.3 – Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration
30. In what process does the flow of H+ ions activate ATP synthase and power ATP synthesis by its headpiece?
a.
chemosynthesis
b.
photosynthesis
c.
synthase reduction
d.
synthase activation
e.
chemiosmosis
e
2.7 Mitochondria and ATP Production
HUPH.SHER.16.2.7.3 – Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration
31. What two compounds link the citric acid cycle and the electron transport system?
a.
NAD2 and FAD2
b.
H2O and O2
c.
hydrogen peroxide and ATP synthase
d.
NAD+ and FAD
e.
H+ ions and glucose
d
HUPH.SHER.16.2.7.3 – Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration
32. Cells use the energy stored in ATP primarily for ____.
a.
detoxification, division, and genetic improvement
b.
synthesis, transport, and mechanical work
c.
synthesis, detoxification, and waste removal
d.
transport, phagocytosis, and exocytosis
e.
mechanical work, genetic improvement, and phagocytosis
2.7 Mitochondria and ATP Production
ATP
33. Vaults are non-membranous organelles shaped as ____.
a.
hexagons
b.
pentagons
c.
octagons
d.
decagons
e.
dodecagons
c
2.8 Vaults as Cellular Trucks
HUPH.SHER.16.2.9 – Describe the structure of vaults and their speculated functions
34. What is the storage form of glucose?
a.
glycogen
b.
adipose tissue
c.
lipids
d.
inclusion
e.
insulin
a
2.9 Cytosol: Cell Gel
HUPH.SHER.16.2.11 – Describe the three categories of activities associated with the cytosol
35. What three distinct elements comprise the cytoskeleton?
a.
microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
b.
tubules, filaments, and lumens
c.
small tubules, small filaments, and big filaments
d.
microtubules, minitubules, and macrotubules
e.
microfilaments, minifilaments, and macrofilaments
a
36. Which cytoskeletal element is the largest?
a.
microtubules
b.
macrotubules
c.
small filaments
d.
macrofilaments
e.
microfilaments
a
HUPH.SHER.16.2.12.1 – Describe the structure and three main functions of microtubules
37. From what structures do microtubules arise?
a.
lysosomes
b.
macrotubules
c.
centrosomes
d.
mitochondria
e.
microfilaments
c
HUPH.SHER.16.2.12.1 – Describe the structure and three main functions of microtubules
38. What motor protein carries secretory vesicles to the end of axons?
a.
enzyme K
b.
kinesin
c.
dynein
d.
enzyme D
e.
axonein
HUPH.SHER.16.2.12.1 – Describe the structure and three main functions of microtubules
39. Which elements of the cytoskeleton are the smallest?
a.
microtubules
b.
macrotubules
c.
small filaments
d.
macrofilaments
e.
microfilaments
e
HUPH.SHER.16.2.12.2 – Describe the structure and two main functions of microfilaments
40. What term refers to the intermediate filaments found in nerve cell axons?
a.
axonalfilaments
b.
electrical filaments
c.
excitatory filaments
d.
neurofilaments
e.
dendrites
HUPH.SHER.16.2.12.3 – Describe the structure and function of intermediate filaments
41. A cell has three major parts: the plasma membrane, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm.
a.
True
b.
False
True
Homeostasis Highlights
HUPH.SHER.16.2.2 – Discuss the three major subdivisions of human cells
42. The cytoskeleton is the protein scaffolding of the cell and serves as its “bones and muscles.”
a.
True
b.
False
True
Homeostasis Highlights
HUPH.SHER.16.2.2 – Discuss the three major subdivisions of human cells
43. All new cells and new life arise only from preexisting cells.
a.
True
b.
False
44. The functional activities of each cell depend on the ability to divide.
a.
True
b.
False
45. The nucleus is typically the largest single organized cell component.
a.
True
Chapter 02 – Cell Physiology
b.
False
True
2.2 An Overview of Cell Structure
46. The nucleus houses the cell’s genetic material, ribonucleic acid (RNA).
a.
True
b.
False
False
2.2 An Overview of Cell Structure
47. Gene expression refers to the multi-stepped process by which information encoded in a gene is used to direct the
synthesis of a protein molecule.
a.
True
b.
False
True
2.2 An Overview of Cell Structure
2.2 An Overview of Cell Structure
48. Proteins are the main functional component of cells, and protein-based enzymes govern the rate of cellular division.
a.
True
b.
False
False
2.2 An Overview of Cell Structure
49. Only 25% of DNA codes for protein synthesis.
a.
True
b.
False
False
2.2 An Overview of Cell Structure
50. Ribosomes bring together all components that participate in protein synthesis and provide the enzymes and energy
required for linking the amino acids together.