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b. United States and Canada
c. China and Japan
d. Denmark and Mexico
78. Which set of countries value charisma more than the others?
a. United States and Great Britian
b. France and the Philippines
c. Japan and Kuwait
d. Egypt and China
79. can be described as having a high level of gender differentiation, whereas
is described as having a low level of gender differentiation.
a. United States; India
b. Canada; South Korea
c. Taiwan; China
d. Egypt; Sweden
80. Which one of the following is not one of the GLOBE dimensions?
a. collectivism
b. assertiveness
c. emotionality
d. future orientation
81. The difference between Collectivism I and Collectivism II in the GLOBE cultural dimensions is
related to:
a. focus on people or social systems
b. the degree of assertiveness of the individual versus the group
c. the degree to which performance is based on the group or the organization
d. focus on social institutions or family and organizations
82. According to the GLOBE findings ___________ is generally valued in most cultures.
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a. team-based leadership
b. directive leadership
c. self-protective leadership
d. active and assertive leadership
83. The GLOBE study found Americans and British highly value and Middle Easterners
place importance on it.
a. collectivism; low
b. participation; high
c. charisma; low
d. high power distance; low
84. Which of the following is not a recommendation for managing culture effectively in an organization?
a. Understand the culture of your organization
b. Recruit and hire employees only from the organization’s national culture
c. Build upon agreements
d. Evaluate disagreements
85. In the United States, women make up 50 percent of the workforce, but hold only percent
of corporate officer positions.
a. 35
b. 25
c. 10
d. 5
86. A 2013 study indicated that of Fortune 500 companies’ CEO positions were held by women.
a. 4 percent
b. 7 percent
c. 9 percent
d. 16 percent
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87. If current trends continue, only what percent of women will hold top leadership positions in the year
2016?
a. 2.3 percent
b. 6.0 percent
c. 8.9 percent
d. 12.5 percent
88. The salary gap between men and women is evidence of the challenges women face. In the United
States, women earn ________ of men’s income.
a. 91 percent
b. 82 percent
c. 77 percent
d. 65 percent
89. Sheryl Sandberg, COO of Facebook, believes that one cause of gender equality is:
a. a lack of role models.
b. discrimination by top management teams.
c. imbalance in family responsibilities.
d. lack of drive.
90. According to Eagly and her colleagues in the 2003 study, what is the likely reason why female
leaders are more transformational than male leaders?
a. men are more supportive of their followers
b. women are more task-oriented
c. women are more directive
d. women show more individual attention to followers
91. The invisible barrier and obstacles that prevent women from moving to the highest levels of the
organization is called?
a. glass elevator
b. glass roof
c. glass basement
d. glass ceiling
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92. Many professional women do take a break from work to start a family. Over percent of
women try to get back to work within two years.
a. 50
b. 60
c. 70
d. 90
93. Women who demonstrate masculine leadership styles are?
a. more likely to be considered effective by men
b. more likely to be evaluated poorly by men
c. demonstrating what is expected of them by men
d. more respected by both men and women
94. According to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission in 2012, _________ were the
largest number of sex discrimination claims.
a. sexual harassment
b. gender discrimination
c. pregnancy related discrimination
d. glass ceiling violations
95. The primary goal of multiculturalism is to?
a. issue quotas and percentages
b. build a culture of openness and inclusion
c. create an organization of autocratic leadership
d. establish barriers in hiring of women and minorities
96. A Gallup survey reported a link between diversity to what organizational outcome?
a. increase in employee dissatisfaction
b. increase in employee satisfaction
c. increase in employee performance
d. increase in employee stereotyping
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True/False Questions
97. Culture is shared by members of a group.
a. true
b. false
98. Culture consists of the commonly held values of a group of people.
a. true
b. false
99. National culture is the set of values and beliefs shared by people within a nation.
a. true
b. false
100. Ethnic or group culture is the set of values and beliefs shared by cultures within a nation.
a. true
b. false
101. Organizational culture is the set of values and beliefs shared by members of an organization.
a. true
b. false
102. While traditional male traits are often associated with leadership, this is changing because of new
organizational models.
a. true
b. false
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103. Culture exists only at the national level.
a. true
b. false
104. Diversity refers to the variety of human structures, belief systems, and strategies for adapting to
situations that exist within different groups.
a. true
b. false
105. Gender differences is an example of national culture.
a. true
b. false
106. People learn culture through both formal teaching and informal observation.
a. true
b. false
107. Culture mostly affects people’s personal life, rather than leadership.
a. true
b. false
108. Organizational culture influences leadership to a greater extent than national culture.
a. true
b. false
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109. Diversity includes any characteristic that may differentiate one group from another.
a. true
b. false
110. Organizational culture is the set of norms, values and beliefs shared by members of a nation.
a. true
b. false
111. Leaders and organizational founders play a key role in the development of the culture of an
organization.
a. true
b. false
112. The leadership at Goldman Sachs is known for creating a culture that balanced employee needs
and well being with organizational performance goals.
a. true
b. false
113. At Google, leaders placed particular attention to employee needs.
a. true
b. false
114. At Apple and Goldman Sachs, leaders push for performance and outcomes more than developing
employees as a whole person.
a. true
b. false
115. National organizational heritage refers to management styles based on national cultures.
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a. true
b. false
116. High context cultures rely heavily on situational aspects such as nonverbal cues to understand the
world around them.
a. true
b. false
117. The United States is generally considered a high-context culture.
a. true
b. false
118. Japanese, Chinese and Native American cultures are commonly considered low-context cultures.
a. true
b. false
119. The High and Low Context model of culture addresses differences in communication styles
among different cultures.
a. true
b. false
120. According the research conducted by Hofstede, Japanese culture has a higher level of power
distance than the United States.
a. true
b. false
121. Compared to the United States, Japanese culture has a shorter-time orientation.
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a. true
b. false
122. You can usually understand a country’s culture by using one of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions.
a. true
b. false
123. In high power distance cultures, there is a wider gap between the powerful and the powerless.
a. true
b. false
124. In individualistic cultures, people rely on their group for guidance.
a. true
b. false
125. The United States and Australia are among the most individualistic cultures in the world.
a. true
b. false
126. In Japan, while collectivism is very high and people place value on consensus, there is also high
power distance.
a. true
b. false
127. Triandis describes Sweden’s culture as being both individualistic and emphasizing equality.
a. true
b. false
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128. Collectivist and vertical cultures tend to consider all group members equal with little hierarchy.
a. true
b. false
129. Harry Triandis is the person who originally proposed the concept of tight and loose cultures.
a. true
b. false
130. While Sweden and the U.S. are both individualistic cultures, in Sweden individuals are seen as
unique and superior to others, while in the U.S., equality is the norm.
a. true
b. false
131. According to Trompenaars, family type organizations are found most often in countries such as
Greece, Singapore, and Japan.
a. true
b. false
132. Incubator cultures that focus on equality in organizations give considerable latitude and flexibility
to their members.
a. true
b. false
133. The leader’s role in an incubator cross-cultural organizational culture is to be the undisputed head
and take full responsibility for all that occurs.
a. true
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b. false
134. The GLOBE cultural model uses nine dimensions to understand and explain culture.
a. true
b. false
135. All the dimensions proposed by the GLOBE model are new and different from those presented by
other researchers.
a. true
b. false
136. In assertive cultures individuals are direct and confrontational.
a. true
b. false
137. Future oriented cultures tend to take a long-term orientation that ties the present to the past and
future.
a. true
b. false
138. The GLOBE study found some leader behaviors to be nearly universally desirable.
a. true
b. false
139. Achievement-oriented leadership was found to be widely desirable leadership behavior across
most cultures according to the GLOBE study.
a. true
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b. false
140. While women currently make up 50 percent of the workforce, they currently hold 10 percent of
the executive positions in the United States.
a. true
b. false
141. Women tend to show more autocratic leadership styles than men.
a. true
b. false
142. Female leaders demonstrate more transformational leadership characteristics than men.
a. true
b. false
143. Tom Peters believes that success depends on the collaborative styles that women tend to use
instead of the command and control style that male leaders have traditionally used.
a. true
b. false
144. Characteristics typically associated with female leadership styles are becoming less necessary.
a. true
b. false
145. Women who take a break from work when they start a family often try to get back to work within
two years.
a. true
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b. false
146. Women who display typically masculine leadership characteristics are well accepted by and
evaluated highly by men.
a. true
b. false
147. Women always support other women getting leadership positions.
a. true
b. false
148. The recent changing views of what is considered effective leadership is taking on more
stereotypically feminine traits.
a. true
b. false
149. Women face a glass ceiling, invisible barriers and obstacles that prevent them from moving to top
management.
a. true
b. false
150. An organization’s leaders do not exert much influence to create an ethos of multiculturalism.
a. true
b. false
151. A recent Gallup survey indicated there was no relationship between multiculturalism and overall
employee satisfaction.
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a. true
b. false
152. The primary goal of training and education in multiculturalism is to help people understand that
quotas and percentages will help the organization become more culturally diverse.
a. true
b. false
153. Training and education can be an effective strategy for organizations to create an organizational
culture of openness and inclusion.
a. true
b. false
154. Changing evaluation criteria to ‘softer data’ can be an effective strategy for creating a more
multicultural organization.
a. true
b. false
155. Traditional evaluation criteria emphasize stereotypically female characteristics.
a. true
Short Answer/ Essay Questions:
156. Herman Miller, an office furniture manufacturer wants employees to bring their “whole person”
to work. Explain what that means.
157. Compare the organizational cultures of Apple, Goldman Sachs, and Google.
158. Define Hofstede’s five dimensions that lends each national culture its distinctiveness and
unique character.
159. Describe the management style, the “web,” used by Volunteer Board of America.
160. Explain what is meant by the statement that characteristics typically associated with the female
leadership style are increasingly considered necessary, regardless of gender.
161. Describe the factors that explain the inequalities women face in leading today’s organizations.
162. Darla Moore, chief executive officer of the investment company Rainwater, Inc., and the first
woman to have a business school named after her, argues that
women’s worse sin is to think, “‘You should be a nice girl. You ought to fit in. You should find a
female mentor.’ What a colossal waste of time” (Sellers, 1998: 92). She contends, “There are
only glass ceilings and closed doors for those who allow such impediments” (Darla Moore
Speech, 2007). Investigate the Internet and explain what Ms. Moore meant by those statements and relate
what her leadership reputation at Rainwater is.